Idada elinomsila omude lingelomndeni wedada, iqembu lama-anseriformes.
Izimpawu zangaphandle zedada elinomsila omude.
Idada elinomsila omude yinyoni enesilinganiso esimaphakathi esinomsila omude omnyama nemilenze nezinyawo ezimpunga. Isici esihlukile ukuba khona kwezimpaphe ezimbili zomsila ezinde nezinomusa kowesilisa. AmaDrake namadada anokuhluka ngombala wezimpaphe nosayizi womzimba. Kuma-drake amadala, osayizi basukela kuma-48 kuye kuma-58 cm, amadada amadala aphakathi kuka-38 no-43 cm. Abesilisa abadala bakala cishe u-0.91 kuya ku-1.13 kg, kanti abesifazane abadala banesisindo esilinganiselwa ku-0.68 - 0.91 kg. Amadada anomsila omude wabo bobabili ubulili anezimpaphe ezintathu ezihlukene zezimpaphe, kanti amaduna amadala ahamba kwezinye izimpaphe ezengeziwe ebusika.
Ebusika, owesilisa osekhulile unezimpaphe ezimhlophe ekhanda, entanyeni nasemphinjeni ezehlela esifubeni. Umphimbo omhlophe uqhathanisa kakhulu nehhanisi elikhulu elimnyama. Eduze kwamehlo kunomphetho ompunga kanye nesichibi esimnyama eselulela ekuvulekeni kwezindlebe. Umthethosivivinywa umnyama ngomugqa ophakathi ophinki. Isisu nomsila ongaphezulu kumhlophe. Izimpaphe zomsila, emuva nangemuva zimnyama. Izimpiko zimnyama namahlombe amhlophe phansi. Ebusika, insikazi inobuso obumhlophe. Intamo nepharynx yizindawo ezinsundu nezinsundu eduze nokuvuleka kwezindlebe. Amahhanisi abanzi nawo ansundu. Umhlane, umsila nezimpiko nakho kunsundu ngethoni, kanti isisu nomsila ongaphezulu kumhlophe. Uqhwaku lwensikazi lumnyama, mpunga oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.
Lalela izwi ledada elinomsila omude.
Idada elinomsila omude lisakazekile.
Amadada anomsila omude anezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zokusatshalaliswa ngokuqhathaniswa nezinye izinyoni zamanzi. Amadada anomsila omude angabahlali besifunda se-circumpolar futhi bahlala njalo ogwini lwase-Arctic lwaseCanada, e-Alaska, e-United States of America, eGreenland, e-Iceland, eNorway naseRussia. Ebusika, avela eningizimu yeGreat Britain, eNyakatho Melika, eKorea nasogwini loLwandle Olumnyama nolweCaspian.
Indawo yokuhlala idada enomsila omude.
Amadada anomsila omude ahlala ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene. Njengomthetho, bahlala ebusika olwandle oluvulekile noma emachibini amakhulu, ehlobo batholakala emachibini e-tundra. Bakhetha izindawo ezihlanganisa ubukhona bezindawo zombili zasemanzini nezasemhlabeni. Amadada anomsila omude ahlala emaxhaphozini ama-tundra e-Arctic, deltas, headlands, amabhishi asogwini naseziqhingini ezisogwini. Bahlala ezindaweni ezinamanzi nasemizimbeni yamanzi emile. Ehlobo bakhetha imizimba yamanzi engajulile enezimila zasemanzini. Ngaphandle kwesikhathi sokufukamela, amadada anomsila omude atholakala kude nogu, emanzini amasha, anosawoti noma ama-brackish estuarine. Yize kungavamile, zilala emachibini amakhulu namanzi ajulile angenasawoti.
Ukuzalisa idada okunomsila omude.
Njengamalungu amaningi omndeni wedada, amadada anomsila omude ayizinyoni zomphakathi nezomuntu oyedwa. Zakha ngazimbili ezihlukene noma ngamaqembu amancane. Imibhangqwana ingahlala iminyaka eminingana, noma abantu bakhethe umlingani omusha isikhathi ngasinye sokumatanisa. Amadada anomsila omude anenqubo eyinkimbinkimbi yokuqomisana, owesilisa ethola insikazi bese ebuyisa ikhanda lakhe ngomlomo ophakanyisiwe. Ube esehlisa ikhanda lakhe bese ekhala. Lezi zingcingo zivame ukuheha ezinye ezeduna bese ziqala ukulwa nokujahana. Insikazi iyasabela obizweni lwendoda futhi igcina ikhanda layo liseduze nomzimba wayo.
Ukuzala kuqala ngoMeyi, kepha isikhathi siyahluka kuye ngokutholakala kokudla. Amadada anomsila omude angakhwelana ekuqaleni konyaka wesibili ngemuva kokuzalwa. Eduze kwamanzi avulekile, womabili ahlanzekile nolwandle, zikhetha indawo eyomile, ecashile emadwaleni noma ngaphansi kwesihlahla. Owesifazane wakha isidleke esimise okwendishi. Kwakhiwa ngotshani kanye nokukhuntulwa okususwe emzimbeni wayo kuze kuphume isidleke.
Kujwayele ukuba namaqanda ayi-6 kuya kwayi-8 ku-clutch, ubukhulu be-clutch kwesinye isikhathi bufinyelela amaqanda ayi-17, kepha lokhu kungenzeka kakhulu kungumphumela wesidleke se-nest, lapho abanye besifazane bebeka amaqanda ezidlekeni zabanye. Insikazi inezinyane elilodwa kuphela ngesizini, kepha uma kwenzeka ilahlekelwa yi-clutch, ilala okwesibili. Ngemuva kokubeka amaqanda, isikhathi sokufukamela sihlala ezinsukwini ezingama-24 kuye kwezingu-30. Amantshontsho amadada amancane ahlala esidlekeni aze afike kwezinye izinsuku ezingama-35 kuye kwangama-40. Ngalesi sikhathi, insikazi ihola amadada emanzini futhi ibafundise ukuthi bangakuthola kanjani ukudla. Bese amachwane abuthana ngamaqembu ezinkukhu ezi-3 noma ezi-4, okuthi, njengokujwayelekile, ziholwa idada elinolwazi. Phakathi naso sonke isikhathi sokuzala, owesilisa uhlala eseduze futhi uvikela isidleke. Ekupheleni kukaJuni nasekuqaleni kukaSepthemba, idrake ishiya izindawo zokwakha izidleke. Ngo-Agasti-Septhemba, amadada ashiya amadada awo ayoncibilika endaweni ecashile.
Amadada anomsila omude anempilo eyisilinganiso seminyaka eyi-15.3. Kwesinye isikhathi, owesilisa omdala wayehlala endle iminyaka engama-22.7.
Okukhethekile kokuziphatha kwedada ende.
Amadada anomsila omude yizinyoni ezifuduka ngokuphelele. Bahlala njalo emihlambini, kepha bavame ukugwema ubudlelwane obucacile. Izinyoni zichitha isikhathi esiningi zithola ukudla lapho zicwile emanzini kude kakhulu nasogwini.
Ukudla kwedada okunomsila omude.
Amadada anomsila omude adla ukudla okuhlukahlukene. Ukudla kwabo kufaka: ama-crustaceans, ama-molluscs, ama-invertebrate asolwandle, izinhlanzi ezincane, amaqanda, izinambuzane kanye nezibungu zazo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, badla ukudla kwezitshalo: ulwelwe, utshani, imbewu nezithelo zezitshalo ze-tundra. Ucwaningo lukhombisa ukuthi izinyoni ezindala zithanda ama-crustaceans, anikeza amandla amaningi ngegramu ngayinye yesisindo esibukhoma, kunezinye izinyamazane ezitholakalayo. Amadada amadala anomsila omude ngokuvamile ondla cishe ama-80% wesikhathi sasemini phakathi nezinyanga zasebusika.
Njengomthetho, amadada angena nge-dives futhi akhethe ama-epibenthos amamitha ayi-100 ukusuka ogwini. Yize amadada anomsila omude engezona izinyoni ezinkulu kakhulu, adla kakhulu ukufeza izidingo zawo zomzimba nezokuphefumula.
Amadada anomsila omude anezimo eziningi zokuzivumelanisa nezimo ezizenza zibe yizihlaseli eziyimpumelelo. Okokuqala, bane-chisel-like, uqhwaku olugobile esihlokweni, esisiza ukubamba ama-epibenthos kuma-substrates. Okwesibili, amadada anomsila omude anamazinyo amaningi amancane emilonyeni yawo, awanika ithuba lokuthatha ngempumelelo ama-crustaceans amancane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakheka komzimba nokukwazi ukungena emanzini kunikeza inzuzo ebalulekile kunesisulu.
Isimo sokonga samadada anomsila omude.
Idada elinomsila omude yilona kuphela uhlobo lohlobo lwalo ngakho-ke liyisidalwa esithokozisayo okufanele silifundwe futhi livikelwe. Yize amadada anomsila omude enebanga elikhulu ngokwendawo ekusatshalalisweni nasekusetshenzisweni kwezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezilwane nezitshalo, inani lazo liye lehla kancane kule minyaka eyishumi edlule. ENyakatho Melika, inani lamadada asolwandle selicishe laba uhhafu kule minyaka engamashumi amathathu edlule.
Ngenxa yokwehla kwezindawo ezingamaxhaphozi ngenxa yokungcola kukawoyela, ukukhishwa kwamapayipi kanye nokukhishwa kwepeat, izindawo zokwakha izidleke ziyabhujiswa. Kwakunamacala aqoshiwe okufa kwezinyoni kusuka kubuthi obunamakhemikhali womthofu, imercury kanye nodoti kawoyela, kanye nokuwela emanethini okudoba. Abesifazane abanomsila omude muva nje balahlekelwe kakhulu ngenxa yokuqubuka kwekholera yezinyoni. Ziphinde zichayeke kumkhuhlane wezinyoni. Njengamanje kukholakala ukuthi cishe abantu abayi-6,200,000 - 6,800,000 abavuthiwe bahlala esifundeni sase-Arctic, okungeyona indawo enkulu kangako. Idada elinomsila omude linesimo sokukhathazeka okungenani.
