Kwasabalala amagundane otshani base-Afrika
Amagundane otshani ase-Afrika asatshalaliswa ikakhulukazi e-sub-Saharan Africa, yize ikhona nasenhlonhlweni ye-Arabia, lapho yethulwa khona ngabantu. Lolu hlobo lwamagundane luhlala ezigodini zase-Afrika.
Indawo yokuhlala isuka eSenegal idlule eSahel iye eSudan nase-Ethiopia, kusuka lapha kugudle amagquma aseningizimu kuya e-Uganda naseCentral Kenya. Ukuba khona maphakathi neTanzania neZambia akuqinisekile. Lezi zinhlobo zitholakala eceleni kwesigodi iNayile, lapho ukusatshalaliswa kwayo kunqunyelwe esiqeshini esincane sezikhukhula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, igundane lotshani lase-Afrika lihlala okungenani ezintabeni ezintathu eziqhelile zeSahara.
E-Ethiopia, ayikhuphuki ngaphezu kwe-1600 m ngaphezu kogu lolwandle. Futhi uhlala eBurkina Faso, eBurundi, eCentral African Republic. Izinhlobo eChad, eCongo, eCote d'Ivoire, e-Egypt, e-Eritrea, eSierra Leone, e-Yemen. Futhi neGambia, iGhana, iMalawi, iMauritania, iNiger kanye neNigeria.
Izindawo ezihlala amagundane otshani base-Afrika
Amagundane otshani ase-Afrika asatshalaliswa ezindaweni ezinotshani, amathafa, nasemiphakathini yamahlathi. Kuvame ukubonwa eduze kwamadolobhana nakwezinye izindawo eziguqulwe ngabantu.
Amagundane otshani ase-Afrika enza imigodi yamakoloni, ngakho-ke anezidingo ezithile zokwakheka kwenhlabathi.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, amagundane ahlela izindawo zokukhosela ngaphansi kwezihlahla eziphansi, izihlahla, amatshe noma izindunduma zomuhlwa, lapho futhi azalela khona. Izinhlobonhlobo zezindawo zokuhlala, kufaka phakathi ama-savanna owomile, izingwadule, izihlahlana ezingasogwini, amahlathi, izindawo ezinotshani, nezindawo zezitshalo kunikeza izimo ezikahle zokuvikelwa kwamagundane. Amagundane otshani ase-Afrika awatholakali ezindaweni eziphakeme kakhulu.
Izimpawu zangaphandle zesilinganiso sotshani base-Afrika
Igundane lotshani lase-Afrika liyigundane elisemaphakathi ngobude elinobude bomzimba obucishe bube ngu-10.6 cm - 20.4 cm.Umsila ubude bawo bungu-100 mm. Isisindo esimaphakathi samagundane otshani base-Afrika singama-gramu ayi-118, anebanga lamagremu angama-50 kuya kwayi-183 amagremu. Abesilisa bakhulu kancane kunabesifazane.
Isimo sekhanda siyindilinga, ama-auricles ayindilinga. Uboya bufushane ngezinwele ezinhle. Ama-incisors awadonswa. Isiqu somlomo sifushane, futhi umsila umbozwe ngezinwele ezincane, ezingabonakali. Ngemuva konyawo kuthuthukiswe kahle. Emilenzeni yangemuva, izinzwane ezintathu zangaphakathi zide uma ziqhathaniswa nezangaphandle ezimbili. Inyawo langaphambili lincane, ngesithupha esifushane kodwa esintofontofo.
Ukuhluka kombala wejazi kulezi zinhlobo akuqinisekile.
Uboya obungemuva buqukethe ikakhulukazi izinwele eziboshelwe ezimnyama noma ezinsundu ezansi, ophuzi ngokukhanyayo, onsundu ngokubomvu noma ocher phakathi, nomnyama ekugcineni. Ingubo yangaphansi imfishane, izinwele zokugada zimnyama, zinombala wendandatho.Izinwele zangaphakathi zifushane futhi zilula.
Ukuzalela igundane lotshani base-Afrika
I-African rat rat colony ngokuvamile yakhiwa inani elilinganayo labesilisa nabesifazane, kanti abesifazane bavame ukudlula abesilisa. Abesilisa bavame ukuthuthela kwamanye amakoloni, kuyilapho abesifazane abasha abasha behlala endaweni ehlala njalo.
Amagundane otshani ase-Afrika, ngaphansi kwezimo ezinhle, ayakwazi ukuzala unyaka wonke. Kodwa-ke, inkathi enkulu yokuzalanisa iqala ekuqaleni kukaMashi futhi ihlala kuze kube ngu-Okthoba.
Amagundane amancane otshani ase-Afrika ayazimela cishe emasontweni amathathu ubudala, bese enikeza inzalo ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-3-4. Abesilisa abasebasha bayashiya lapho befika ezinyangeni eziyi-9 - 11.
Izinsikazi zivikela inzalo yazo futhi zondle izingane cishe izinsuku ezingama-21. Abesilisa bahlala eduzane ngalesi sikhathi futhi ababambiqhaza ekukhuliseni, bayakwazi nokugedla inzalo yabo, evame ukubonwa lapho kuthunjwa amagundane. Ekuthunjweni, amagundane otshani ase-Afrika aphila iminyaka engu-1-2, igundane elilodwa laphila iminyaka eyi-6.
Izici zokuziphatha kwegundane lase-Afrika lotshani
Amagundane otshani ase-Afrika angamagundane anobungani ahlala emigodini engaphansi komhlaba. Le migodi ineminyango eminingana futhi ifinyelela ekujuleni okungaba ngamasentimitha angama-20. Zitholakala ezansi kwezihlahla, izihlahlana, imifantu yamadwala, izindunduma zomuhlwa, nanoma iyiphi indawo yokumba etholakalayo. Izinduku "ziyadlala" futhi zixhumana ndawonye, ngaphandle kweminyaka noma umehluko wobulili ekuziphatheni.
Enye yezindlela zokuziphatha ezigqame kakhulu zendlela yokuphila kwamakholoni ukwakhiwa nokunakekelwa kwe "strip", phambi kokuphuma emigodini, yezimo nobude obuhlukahlukene. Amagundane otshani ase-Afrika akule ndawo asusa zonke izitshalo ezine-herbaceous kanye nezithiyo ezincane ukuze zikwazi ukungena kalula emgodini ngomugqa wamahhala ngenkathi eyomile. Inani lezindlela ezihluka emgodini kanye nobuningi botshani obugundiwe buxhomeke ebangeni ukusuka endaweni yokukhosela.
Ngenkathi yezimvula, amagundane otshani ase-Afrika awenzi imigqa emisha futhi ayayeka ukugcina imizila emidala. Ngasikhathi sinye, bathola ukudla eduze komgodi wamakholoni. Umsebenzi oyinhloko wemivimbo ukuhlinzeka ukuphunyuka okusheshayo ezilwaneni ezidla ezinye ukumboza. Sebethole isitha, amagundane ethukile acasha emzileni oseduze oholela emigodini.
Amagundane otshani ase-Afrika ayizinsuku, ubusuku noma izinhlobo ze-crepuscular.
Owesilisa oyedwa udinga indawo engamamitha-skwele ayi-1400 kuye kwangama-2750 ukuthola indawo yokuhlala entofontofo, insikazi - kusuka kumamitha-skwele angama-600 kuye kuma-950 ezinkathini ezomile nezimvula.
Ukudla okunempilo kwamagundane otshani base-Afrika
Amagundane otshani ase-Afrika ikakhulukazi ayizilwane ezidla utshani. Zidla utshani, amaqabunga neziqu zezitshalo eziqhakazayo, zidla imbewu, amantongomane, amagxolo ezinhlobo ezithile zezihlahla, izilimo. Ngezikhathi ezithile unezele ukudla ngezinhlobonhlobo zamathambo.
Indima ye-ecosystem yegundane lase-Afrika lotshani
Amagundane otshani ase-Afrika angukudla okuyinhloko kwezinye izidlo ezidla inyama zase-Afrika. Lezi zinambuzane zezolimo zincintisana namanye amagundane ase-Afrika, ikakhulukazi ama-gerbils, futhi ngenxa yalokho zinethonya elinamandla okwehlukahlukana kwezitshalo. Kodwa-ke, zondla izinhlobo ezithile zotshani, okunciphisa ukuncintisana kokudla phakathi kwamagundane nama-ungulates.
Kubikwa ukuthi amagundane otshani ase-Afrika adlulisa izifo eziningana:
- isifo se-bubonic eGibhithe,
- i-schistosomiasis yamathumbu,
- irayisi ophuzi mottle virus.
Ngokunikezwa kokukhiqiza kwabo okusheshayo, umsebenzi wansuku zonke nosayizi omncane womzimba, amagundane asetshenziswa ocwaningweni lwelabhoratri kwezokwelapha, i-physiology, i-etymology neminye imikhakha ehlobene.
Isimo sokongiwa kwesilinganiso sotshani base-Afrika
Amagundane otshani ase-Afrika akuzona izinhlobo ezisongelwayo. Ayikho idatha kulezi zinhlobo zamagundane Ohlwini Olubomvu lwe-IUCN. Amagundane otshani ase-Afrika asatshalaliswa kabanzi, avumelana nezinguquko endaweni yokuhlala, mhlawumbe anenani elikhulu labantu, ngakho-ke inani lamagundane alinakwenzeka ukuthi lehle ngokushesha okwanele ukuthola isigaba sezinhlobo ezingavamile.
