Ingulube iyinhlobo yesikhunta esabalele, eguquguqukayo etholakala ngaphansi kwezihlahla ezahlukahlukene. I-hymenophore yayo iyisici sayo esihluke kakhulu: izindwani ziphenduka zibe nsundu uma sezonakele, bese ziyaxebuka njengolwelwesi (ngokuswayipha umunwe ngenhla nje kwesiqu).
Incazelo
Ikepisi linamanzi futhi liwugqinsi, lingama-4-15 cm ububanzi. Kwisifanekiso esincane, sidilizwa phansi, sigotshwe ngendlwana ebanzi evundlile, onqenqemeni olujiyile oluqinile. Iyakhululeka, i-flat-convex, noma igoba isikhungo ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. I-Velvety ekuthinteni, inzima noma ibushelelezi, iyanamathela lapho imanzi futhi yomile lapho yomile ngaphandle, i-pubescent ekhanyayo. Faka umbala kusuka konsundu uye konsundu ophuzi, umnqumo noma onsundu ngokumpunga.
I-hymenophore incane, isendaweni eminyene, ihlukaniswe izingqimba, yehlela phansi ku-pedicle, idideke noma ifane nezimbobo eziseduze ne-pedicle. Umbala osukela kusinamoni ophuzi nophaphathekile noma umnqumo okhanyayo. Iguqula umbala onsundu noma obomvu ngokubomvu uma yonakele.
Umlenze u-2-8 cm ubude, ufinyelela ku-2 cm ubukhulu, uthinta ngasesisekelweni, iveli ayikho, ipubescent eyomile, ebushelelezi noma ebushelelezi, enemibala efana nekepisi noma i-paler, ishintsha umbala kusuka kokunsundu kuya konsundu ngokubomvu uma wonakele.
Umzimba wefungus ujiyile, ujiyile futhi unzima, uphuzi ngombala, uphenduka ube nsundu ekuvezweni.
Ukunambitheka kumuncu noma kungathathi hlangothi. Ayinasici esizwakalayo, kwesinye isikhathi amakhowe anuka umswakama.
Izinhlobo zezingulube
I-Paxillus atrotomentosus (ingulube ekhuluphele)
Ikhowe elaziwa kabanzi line-hymenophore, kepha lingeqembu le-Boletales porous mushroom. Inzima futhi ayidliIkhula ngeziqu zeziqu ze-conifers nezinkuni ezibolayo futhi iqukethe izinto eziningana ezivimbela izinambuzane ekudleni.
Umzimba wesithelo u-squat onesigqoko esinsundu esifinyelela ku-28 cm ububanzi, onqenqemeni oligoqiwe nesikhungo esidangele. Isigqoko simbozwe ngombala onsundu omnyama noma velvety omnyama. Amagilavu wefungus anombala ophuzi futhi anemfoloko; isiqu esijiyile sinsundu onsundu futhi sikhula siqhelelene nekhanda lefungus. Inyama yedunka iyathandeka ngokubukeka, futhi izinambuzane zinomthelela omncane kuyo. Izinhlamvu ziphuzi, ziyindilinga noma zimile okweqanda futhi zino-5-6 µm ubude.
Le fungus ye-saprobic iyintandokazi yeziqu zezihlahla ze-coniferous eNyakatho Melika, eYurophu, eMelika Ephakathi, empumalanga ye-Asia, ePakistan naseChina. Izithelo zezithelo zivuthwa ehlobo nasekwindla, noma ngezikhathi ezomile lapho kungekho amanye amakhowe akhulayo.
Amakhowe wengulube anonile awacatshangwa okudliwayokodwa zazisetshenziswa njengomthombo wokudla ezingxenyeni ezithile zeMpumalanga Yurophu. Ukuhlolwa kokwakheka kwamakhemikhali nezinga lama-amino acid wamahhala kumakhowe kukhombisa ukuthi awehlukile kakhulu kwamanye amakhowe athosiwe adliwayo. Amakhowe amancane kubikwa ukuthi aphephile ukudliwa, kepha amadala anokunambitheka okumunyu noma okey okungathandeki futhi kungenzeka ukuthi anobuthi. Ukunambitheka okumunyu kuthiwa kuyaphela uma amakhowe ebilisiwe futhi kuthululwa amanzi asetshenzisiwe. Kepha akubona bonke abantu abagaya umkhiqizo noma ngemuva kokwelashwa kokushisa. I-European gastronomic literature ibika amacala obuthi.
Ingulube ezacile (Paxillus involutus)
Isikhunta iBasidiomycete Squid sisakazeke eNyakatho Nenkabazwe. Kwethulwa ngokungazi e-Australia, eNew Zealand, eNingizimu Afrika naseNingizimu Melika, mhlawumbe ithuthwe enhlabathini enezihlahla zaseYurophu. Umbala unemibala ehlukahlukene ensundu, umzimba wezithelo ukhula ufike ku-6 cm ukuphakama futhi unekepisi elimise okwefaneli elifinyelela ku-12 cm ububanzi nophawu lwesimo oluzungezayo kanye nama-gill aqondile atholakala eduze kwesiqu. Isikhunta sineziphethu, kepha izazi zezinto eziphilayo sizibeka njengesikhunta esibi, hhayi ama-hymenophoric ajwayelekile.
Ingulube ezacile isakazeke emahlathini ahlabayo futhi aqinile, ezindaweni ezinotshani. Isikhathi sokuvuthwa sekwephuze ehlobo nasekwindla. Ubudlelwano nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezihlahla buyazuzisa kuzo zombili izinhlobo. Isikhunta sisebenzisa futhi sigcine izinsimbi ezisindayo futhi sandisa ukumelana namagciwane afana neFusarium oxysporum.
Phambilini, ingulube ezacile ibithathwa njengokudla futhi yayidliwa kakhulu eMpumalanga naseYurophu Ephakathi. Kepha ukushona kwesazi se-mycologist saseJalimane uJulius Schaeffer ngo-1944 kwaphoqeleka ukuthi aphinde acabangele isimo sengqondo ngalolu hlobo lwamakhowe. Kutholakale ukuthi inobuthi obuyingozi futhi kubangela ukugaya ukudla uma kudliwe kungaphekiwe. Ucwaningo lwakamuva lwesayensi lukhombisile ukuthi ingulube ezacile inciphisa i-hemolysis ebulalayo ye-autoimmune ngisho nakulabo asebedle ikhowe iminyaka ngaphandle kweminye imiphumela eyingozi. I-antigen esemakhowe ivusa amasosha omzimba ukuthi ahlasele amangqamuzana abomvu egazi. Izinkinga ezinkulu nezibulalayo zifaka:
- ukwehluleka okukhulu kwezinso;
- ukushaqeka;
- ukwehluleka okukhulu kokuphefumula;
- kusatshalaliswa i-coagulation ye-intravascular.
Ingulube emiswe okwe-panus noma emise okwezindlebe (iTapinella panuoides)
Isikhunta se-saprobic sikhula sodwa noma ngamaqoqo ezihlahleni ezifile ze-coniferous, kwesinye isikhathi kuzinkuni zokhuni. Izithelo kusuka ngasekupheleni kwehlobo kuze kube sezulu sokuqala esibandayo, kanye nasebusika ezindaweni ezifudumele.
Isigqoko esinsundu / esisawolintshi, esimise okwegobolondo noma esimise okwefeni (2-12 cm) engulubeni encane emise okwe-panus siqinile, sinobuso obumangele, kepha ngokuya sikhula siba bushelelezi, sibe buthakathaka, izigaxa zewolintshi ziqobeke noma zikholwe phansi. Amakhowe aba mnyama kancane lapho esikwa. Isikhunta asinaso isiqu, kepha sinenqubo emfushane ye-lateral enamathisela ikepisi enkuni.
Iphunga eliyinsalela eliphansi, elimnandi, hhayi ukunambitheka okwehlukile. Iphunga elimnandi lamakhowe liheha umuntu, njengokufana kwangaphandle namakhowe oyster, kepha ingulube enjengendlebe ayidli.
AmaHymenophores anemiphetho ebushelelezi, ahlukaniswe eduze, ancanyana. Hlanganisa ukusuka endaweni yokunamathisela kwe-basal, kubonakale kushwabene lapho kubukwa ngaphezulu, ikakhulukazi kumakhowe amadala. Ama-gill kwesinye isikhathi ahlukaniswa futhi abonakale enesibindi kukhowe ovuthiwe, ahlukane kalula nekepisi. Umbala we-hymenophore ukhilimu kuya ku-olintshi omnyama, ibhilikosi ukufudumala okunsundu ngokuphuzi, okungashintshi lapho konakele.
Izinhlamvu: 4-6 x 3-4 µm, ngobubanzi i-ellipsoidal, abushelelezi, enezindonga ezincane. Ukuphrinta kwe-Spore kusuka kokunsundu kuya kophaphathekile ophuzi nsundu
Ingulube i-Alder (Paxillus filamentosus)
Uhlobo oluyingozi kakhulu ngenxa yobuthi balo. Imise okwenziwe ngohlaka, kufana nakumaqebelengwane obisi lwesafron, kepha ngombala o-brown noma ophuzi o-ocher, onobunono obuthambile, futhi ngokujwayelekile yonke i-hymenophore iyawa ngesikhathi sokukhohlisa.
Ngaphansi kwesigqoko kukhona okujiyile, okuthambile ekuthintweni nasezinsikeni eziwugqinsi, kwesinye isikhathi zinesono noma zigobile kancane futhi ziphambuka ngokuqinile esiqwini, kepha azenzi izimbotshana noma izakhiwo ezinombala ophuzi, ophuzi noma ophuzi, obomvu lapho zivezwa.
IMinolta dsc
I-Basidia i-cylindrical noma ikhuliswe kancane, iphela ngama-peduncles amane, ezithweni ezinokwakheka kwezinhlamvu zombala ophuzi nsundu noma onsundu, okwenza mnyama ama-fungus avuthiwe. Izinhlamvu ziyi-ellipsoidal, zizungezwe zombili izinhlangothi, zinezindonga ezibushelelezi, ezine-vacuole ewugqinsi.
Ikepisi elinendawo ebushelelezi edabula imicu yezingulube ezindala ze-alder, ikakhulukazi ngasemaphethelweni agobile noma ajikijelile ombala ophuzi okhanyayo noma ocher. Lapho isetshenziswa, ikepisi liba nsundu.
Ubuso be-peduncle bushelelezi, bukhanya ngokukhanyayo, futhi buba nsundu ngokuvezwa, futhi ine-mycelium ephinki ekhanyayo.
Ingulube ye-alder ihlala ehlathini elinamakhaza, icashe phakathi kwe-alder, poplar kanye neminyezane. Isikhunta siyingozi kakhulu, sibangela ubuthi obubulalayo.
Ikhula kuphi
Isikhunta se-mycorrhizal sihlala phakathi kwezihlahla ezinhlobonhlobo ezinhlobonhlobo nezihlwabusayo. Futhi kukhona njenge-saprob esihlahleni. Ayitholakali emahlathini kuphela, kepha nasezindaweni ezisemadolobheni. Ikhula yodwa, ngobuningi noma emphakathini obanzi ehlobo nasekwindla.
Ingulube isabalele eNyakatho Nenkabazwe, eYurophu nase-Asia, eNdiya, eChina, eJapane, e-Iran, empumalanga yeTurkey, enyakatho yeNyakatho Melika kuze kufike e-Alaska. Isikhunta sivame kakhulu emahlathini e-coniferous, deciduous and birch, lapho athanda khona izindawo ezinomswakama noma amaxhaphozi futhi agweme inhlabathi enekhaladi.
Ingulube ikhula kuphi?
Ingulube iphila endaweni engcolisiwe lapho ezinye izikhunta zingakwazi ukuhlala khona. Izidumbu zezithelo zitholakala otshanini nasemadlelweni amadala, ezintweni ezinokhuni ezizungeze iziphunzi ekwindla nasekupheleni kwehlobo. Izinhlobo eziningana zezimpukane namabhungane zisebenzisa imizimba ethelayo ekubekeni izibungu. Isikhunta singatheleleka ngeHypomyces chrysospermus, uhlobo lwesikhunta. Ukutheleleka kubangela uqweqwe olumhlophe oluqala ukuvela ezimbotsheni bese lubhebhetheka ngaphezu kobuso befungus, luphenduke luphuzi olusegolide lube nsundu ngokubomvu usumdala.
Kudliwayo noma cha
Amakhowe eDunka ayesetshenziswa njengokudla eMpumalanga naseMpumalanga Yurophu kuze kube maphakathi nekhulu lama-20 futhi akubanga ukuphendula kokudla noma ubuthi. Ikhowe ladliwa ngemuva kokufakwa usawoti. Ngendlela yayo eluhlaza, yacasula umgudu wamathumbu, kodwa ayizange ibulale.
Kusekhona ochwepheshe bezokupheka abafuna ukumanzisa idunki, ukukhipha amanzi, ukubilisa nokuphaka. Baze bacaphuna izindlela zokupheka ezahlukahlukene, okusobala ukuthi, ezazithathwe ezincwadini zekhulu lama-20 zashintshelwa ukudla kwasanamuhla.
Uma ucabanga ukuthi ingozi iyimbangela enhle, bese ungawunaki umsebenzi wesayensi nokufa okufakazela lokho izingulube zingamakhowe anobuthiokuyizimbangela zobuthi. Ziningi ezinye izinhlobo zesikhunta ezikhula nasemahlathini, kodwa ezingenabungozi kubantu.
Izimpawu zobuthi
Maphakathi nawo-1980, udokotela uRene Flammer waseSwitzerland wathola i-antigen ngaphakathi kukhunta evusa impendulo yokuzimela ebangela amaseli omzimba omzimba ukuthi abheke ukuthi amangqamuzana abo abomvu egazi awangaphandle futhi awahlasele.
I-immune-hemolytic syndrome engajwayelekile ivela ngemuva kokudla okuphindaphindiwe kwamakhowe. Lokhu kuvame ukwenzeka lapho umuntu ewadle amakhowe isikhathi eside, kwesinye isikhathi iminyaka eminingi, futhi esethole izimpawu zomzimba emathunjini.
Ukusabela kwe-hypersensitivity, hhayi into enobuthi, ngoba ayibangelwa into enobuthi ngempela, kodwa i-antigen ku-fungus. I-antigen inesakhiwo esingaziwa, kepha ivusa ukwakheka kwama-antibodies e-IgG ku-serum yegazi. Ngesikhathi sokudla okulandelayo, kwakhiwa izakhiwo ezinamathela ebusweni bamaseli egazi futhi ekugcineni ziholele ekubhujisweni kwazo.
Izimpawu zokufaka ushevu zivela ngokushesha, ekuqaleni kufaka hlanza, uhudo, ubuhlungu besisu, nokwehla okuhlobene nevolumu yegazi. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokuqala kwalezi zimpawu zokuqala, i-hemolysis iyakhula, okuholele ekunciphiseni kokukhishwa komchamo, i-hemoglobin yomchamo, noma ukungabikho ngokuphelele kokukhiqizwa komchamo kanye ne-anemia. I-Hemolysis iholela ezinkingeni eziningi, kufaka phakathi ukwehluleka okukhulu kwezinso, ukushaqeka, ukwehluleka okukhulu kokuphefumula, nokusatshalaliswa kwe-intravascular coagulation.
Ayikho ikhambi lobuthi. Ukunakekelwa okusekelayo kufaka:
- ukuhlaziywa kwegazi jikelele;
- ukulandelela ukusebenza kwezinso;
- ukulinganisa nokulungiswa kwengcindezi yegazi;
- ukudala ibhalansi ye-fluid ne-electrolyte.
Ama-Dunks nawo aqukethe izinto ezibonakala zilimaza ama-chromosomes. Akucaci ukuthi banamandla we-carcinogenic noma we-mutagenic.
Zuza
Ososayensi bathole i-phenolic compound ye-Atromentin kulolu hlobo lwamakhowe. Bayisebenzisa njenge-anticoagulant, antibacterial agent. Kubanga ukufa kwamangqamuzana anegazi egazini lomuntu kanye nomdlavuza womnkantsha.
Izimo
Alikho iqembu elithile labantu ikhowe lezingulube elizophikiswa ngalo. Ngisho nabantu abaphilile abangakhonondi ngezilonda bangaba yisisulu sale mycelium. Amakhowa awanzima ukugaya kuphela, enza kubhebhethekise izimo zabantu abaphethwe yizinso nezifo zegazi kwasekuqaleni, futhi awabagodli labo abazibona bephile saka.
