Phakathi kwezilwane ezincelisayo ezinamandla zezilwane zanamuhla zomhlaba inyathi isilwane ithatha enye yezindawo ezihola phambili. Okhokho bezinkunzi zasendle babebakhulu kakhulu. Kuyamangaza ukuthi izilwane zisinde ekushintsheni kwesimo sezulu, abantu bezihlobo eziseduze zemidondoshiya efana nempi yesikhathi esidlule basindile.
Incazelo nezici
Ngosayizi Inyathi yaseMelika, idlula ama-ungulates amakhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni. Ubuningi besilisa esikhulile bufinyelela kumathani ayi-1.2, ubude bomzimba bungu-3 m, ukukhula kwenyathi cishe kungamamitha ama-2. Ngenxa yokufana nenyathi ngobukhulu bomzimba, umbala woboya besilwane kunzima ukuwubona ekuqaleni. Zombili lezi zinhlobo, empeleni, zisondelene kangangokuthi zahlangana ngaphandle kwemingcele.
Isici esiyinhloko senkunzi yezinkomo ubukhulu bayo obukhethekile, okuthi, ngobukhulu obubonakalayo bomzimba, ngokubonakalayo bukhule ngokwengeziwe ngenxa yomhlwenga ophansi ngaphambili komzimba. Izinwele ezinde zimboza isikhafu, intamo engezansi, isilevu, kwakha intshebe ende.
Izinwele ezinde kunazo zonke zikhula ekhanda - kuze kube isigamu semitha ubude, okunye, ukumboza i-hump, ingxenye engaphambili yomzimba, kufushane kancane. Ukungalingani komzimba kusobala - ingxenye engaphambili yomzimba ithuthuke kakhulu, yathweswa umqhele nge-hump nape. Inkunzi imi ngokuqinile emilenzeni ephansi, eqinile.
Ikhanda lenkunzi libekwe phansi ngokwedlulele, amehlo amnyama awabonakali nakancane kulo. Lesi silwane sinebunzi elibanzi, izindlebe ezincanyana, izimpondo ezimfushane, ekugcineni kwazo kuphendukele ngaphakathi. Umsila omfishane ekugcineni onebhulashi eliminyene lezinwele ezinde. Ukuzwa nomuzwa wephunga wezinyathi kuthuthukiswe kahle. I-dimorphism yezocansi ikhonjiswa ngokusobala ngobukhona besitho sobulili ezinkomeni. Izinsikazi zezinyathi zincane ngosayizi, isisindo sezinkomo singeqi ku-800 kg.
Umbala wezilwane ezinenselo evulekile utholakala ngemibala kusuka kokumnyama kuya kokumnyama nsundu. Umthunzi wejazi kumuntu oyedwa ungahlukahluka, ngemuva komzimba, emahlombe, umbala onsundu ulula ithoni eyodwa, phambi komzimba onamandla ulayini wezinwele uba mnyama.
Ezinye izinyathi zinombala ongajwayelekile - umbala wokukhanya ongavamile, ongaphanjaniswa nomhlophe ukude. Ama-albino ayivelakancane ngokweqile - isilwane esisodwa kweziyishumi.
Inyathi emhlophe ngoba amaNdiya omdabu ayengunkulunkulu owehlela emhlabeni, babona izilwane ezingavamile njengezingcwele. Ijazi lamazinyane lihlala likhanya nge-beige, liphuzi.
Ukubukeka okujwayelekile kwezinkunzi ezinkulu kwenza into engacimekiyo, kubangela ukwesaba amandla namandla ezigebenga. Ukwesaba, ukuzola kwemidondoshiya yezilwane zomhlaba kukhuluma ngokuphakama kwabo okungenakuphikiswa phakathi kwezilwane ezinamagoda.
Inyathi uhlala enyakatho Nenkabazwe. IBuffalo, njengoba abaseMelika beyibiza kanjalo isilwane esinezinselo ngolimi lwabo, yake yatholakala yonke indawo eNyakatho Melika, inabantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-60.
Izinyathi zabhujiswa ngenhloso, ngaphezu kokusebenza kwabantu kwezomnotho, okwakucindezela futhi kunciphise inani labantu bezilwane ezincelisayo. Namuhla, imihlambi yezinyathi igcinwe ezindaweni ezihlukene ezisenyakatho-ntshonalanga neMissouri.
Esikhathini esedlule, lapho kuqala isimo sezulu esibandayo, izinkunzi ezinkulu zathuthela ezifundeni eziseningizimu, zabuyela emuva entwasahlobo. Impilo yokufuduka yezinyathi okwamanje ayinakwenzeka ngenxa yobuningi bamapulazi nomhlaba, nendawo yokuhlala elinganiselwe.
Izinhlobo
Inani lamanje lezinyathi zaseMelika lifaka izinhlobo ezimbili: inyathi yehlathi kanye nenyathi yemaqeleni. Umehluko phakathi kwezihlobo uyabonakala kuzici zejazi, ukwakheka kwe-anatomical, uma siqhathanisa abantu abalinganiswa nobudala nobulili.
Umhlali wehlathi ukhetha amahlathi amancane ngesihlahla sonwele saseSpain emachibini emifula engxenyeni esenyakatho yebanga. Ukutholwa kwabo kwaba ukutholakala ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19. Abaphenyi bakholelwa ukuthi lolu hlobo luzuze izici zokhokho bakudala. Isakhiwo se-anatomical siyabonakala:
- Ubukhulu obukhethekile - obukhulu, obunzima kune-bison yama-steppe, isisindo somuntu oyedwa cishe singama-900 kg;
- ukunciphisa usayizi wekhanda;
- izimpondo eziphuma ekuqhumeni okulengayo;
- imilenze eyindilinga emphinjeni;
- ubukhulu obukhulu be-corneous;
- inani eliphakeme le-hump elitholakala ngaphambi kwemilenze;
- izinwele ezincishisiwe emilenzeni;
- intshebe encane
- ikhola loboya elenziwe ngoboya bombala omnyama kunaleso sesihlobo se-steppe.
Izinhlobo zezinyathi zehlathi zihlukaniswa njengezisengozini. Inani elincane lama-subspecies lithonywe ukuzingela, ukucekelwa phansi kwendawo yokuhlala, ukuxubana nabantu abaphansi. I-subspecies ye-steppe bull, esindayo futhi esindayo kunaleyo ehlala ehlathini, inezici ezilandelayo:
- ikhanda elikhulu elithweswe umqhele wentambo yemicu eminyene;
- intshebe ewugqinsi;
- izimpondo cishe aziphumeli ngaphezu kwesikhumba soboya;
- i-cape fur, ithoni elula kunenyathi yehlathi;
- i-hump, indawo ephakeme kunazo zonke etholakala ngaphezu kwemilenze yangaphambilini yesilwane.
Flat inyathi, enesisindo esingeqile ku-700 kg, inezinhlobo ezincane: enyakatho naseningizimu. Kutholakala esigodini. Ngemuva kwegagasi lokuqothulwa kwezinkunzi eziningi, ukubuyiselwa kwesibalo sabantu kwenziwa ngendlela yokwethula ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zaseNyakatho Melika, kamuva eCanada.
Isilwane esifana nenyathi Iyinyathi yaseYurophu, isihlobo esiseduze kakhulu. Ukwehliswa kwezinhlobo zezinhlobo ezihlobene kukhiqiza inzalo yezinyathi noma izinyosi, ezahlukile ngohlobo lwesifazane. AmaHybrids ngokwengxenye athathe indawo yezilwane ezihlanzekile, kufaka phakathi endle.
Abalimi benza inyoni yokuzalanisa, ikakhulukazi izinhlobo zezintaba, ngenhloso yokuhweba. Isibalo semfuyo esezindlini ezizimele cishe siyi-500,000, okuncane kakhulu kunabantu basendle abalondolozwe endaweni yabo yemvelo - cishe izinkulungwane ezingama-30,000.
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Kunezindawo ezinamathafa ahlukahlukene ukuze inyathi ihlale, lapho izilwane zijwayela khona ngempumelelo. Izintaba, izintaba eziphakeme, amahlathi amancane, amahlathi e-spruce, insimu yamapaki kazwelonke ahlaliswa iziqhwaga zasendle.
Ukufuduka kwezinkunzi ezinkulu ngemihlambi emikhulu akunakwenzeka namuhla. Kunolwazi kuphela ngokuhamba okwedlule kwemiphakathi emikhulu yezinyoni zamakhanda ayizinkulungwane ezingama-20. Imihlambi emincane yanamuhla yeqe abantu abayi-20-30.
Izilwane zizivumelanisa nezimo zokuphila. Uboya obukhulu benyathi buyafudumala kusuka eqhweni ebusika. Ezindaweni ezineqhwa elincane, izinkunzi zithola ukudla ngokumba iqhwa, kuze kufike ekujuleni kwemitha 1. Izidudla zotshani, amagatsha, ubulembu, ubulembu zisindisa izilwane endlaleni.
Ukuqothulwa okungenangqondo kwezilwane ngekhulu le-19, kwaqedwa ngesikhathi esibucayi ngosayizi wabantu ngo-1891, kwenziwa ngaphandle kokucwaningwa okufanele kwezinkunzi ezinamandla. Abantu abasindile basehlathini ngemuva kokubhujiswa okukhulu, kwasinda amakhanda angama-300 kuphela avela ezinkulungwaneni zamakoloni ezakhamizi zasendle.
Ngakho-ke, ulwazi mayelana nobukhosi bomhlambi luyaphikisana. Abaphenyi baphikisana ngendima ephezulu yomholi. Abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lena yinkomo enolwazi, abanye bayaqiniseka ngokubaluleka kwezinkunzi ezindala, ezenza imisebenzi yokuvikela emhlambini. Kukhona ukubonwa mayelana nokuba khona kwamaqembu ahlukene aqukethe izinkunzi ezincane nezinkomo ezinamathole.
Ubukhulu abuphazamisi impilo esebenzayo yezinkunzi. Inyathi esithombeni evame ukuthunjwa ngenkathi kunqotshwa izithiyo zamanzi. Babhukuda kahle, bayakwazi ukuhamba amabanga amade. Ukunakekelwa kwezinwele kuvezwa ezilwaneni ngokugeza ngezikhathi ezithile othulini, isihlabathi ukubulala izimuncagazi. Ukunamathiselwa kwezinyathi kwezenhlalo kubonakala ngamandla okubuka amawundlu asanda kuzalwa. Bazama ukukhulisa izihlobo ezibulewe, zishaye amakhanda abo.
Ukuziphatha kwezilwane ezisencane, ikakhulukazi ezidlalayo futhi ezishesha emidlalweni, kulawulwa ngabantu abadala, abangazivumeli ukuba basuke emhlambini. Izinkunzi ezinkulu azinazo izitha zemvelo, kepha izimpisi zizingela amathole nabantu abadala, abeza ngamaphakethe asondele kakhulu.
Umuzwa ojulile wenkunzi uyinika izimpawu ezinkulu - izwa ichibi eliqhele ngamakhilomitha ayi-8, isitha sisondela ku-2 km kude. Umbono nokuzwa kudlala indima yesibili. Umdondoshiya akahlaseli kuqala, uvame ukukhetha ukweqa empini ngendiza. Kepha ukwanda kokungezwani kwesinye isikhathi kuholela isilwane esimweni sokuhlukumezeka.
Injabulo yenyathi ibonakaliswa yisiginali yomsila ophakanyisiwe, iphunga le-musky, elibukhali futhi elizwakala kude, i-mooing esabisayo noma ukububula. Lapho ihlasela ngonya, inkunzi yasendle isusa konke okusendleleni yayo. Ijubane lokugijima lifinyelela ku-60 km / h, ukuphakama ukweqa ukunqoba izithiyo - kufika ku-1.8 m.
Uma ucabanga ukuthi wonke umhlambi uyagijima, cishe akunakwenzeka ukuthi isitha seqe esixukwini esikhulu esithukuthele. Kodwa inyathi iyakwazi ukuhlehla, ibaleke, uma izwa inzuzo yesitha esinamandla. Izilwane zinokukhethekile kokuwisa phansi abantu abadala nabagulayo ukuze bahlukaniswe yizilwane ezidliwayo ukuze babalekele abantu abanamandla kakhulu.
UBison, isilwane saseNyakatho Melika, njalo kwavusa intshisekelo yokuzingela yamaNdiya omdabu. Abantu babekwazi ukubhekana nalesi sidlakela ngobuqili kuphela, beshayela inkunzi emakhayeni, kwalasha. Babezingela begibele ihhashi futhi begibele ihhashi.
Izikhali zama-daredevils kwakuyimikhonto, iminsalo, imicibisholo. Naphezu komthethosisekelo wazo onamandla, izinyoni ezisengozini zingahamba kalula, zithuthukise ijubane elikhulu noma ukugijima okufika ku-50 km / h, ngaphambi kwamahhashi. Amandla esilo ayaphindeka kabili lapho isilwane silimele noma sigaxekile.
Inyathi yaba yingozi enkulu kubazingeli uqobo lwayo, ngoba isimilo sesilo esasinesihluku sasingalindelekile. Ukuvunwa kwesidumbu senyathi kwakubaluleke kakhulu kumaNdiya. Ulimi lwalubaluleke ngokukhethekile, isigaxa esigcwele amafutha. Inyama yenkomo yayichotshoziwe, yomisiwe, igcinelwe ubusika.
Isikhumba senziwa ngezikhumba ezijiyile, kwakuthungwa izingubo zangaphandle, kwafakwa izikhali, kwenziwa amabhande, kwenziwa namatende. AmaNdiya aphendula imisipha yaba yimicu, intambo, izintambo zacula kusukela ezinweleni, amathambo ayengawokwakha izitsha nemimese. Ngisho nendle yezilwane yayisebenza njengophethiloli. Ukushona kwale nyathi, eyaba yizisulu zabantu bendawo, akuzange kuthinte ngandlela thile ukwehla kwesibalo sabantu kwaze kwaqala ukuqothulwa kwezinkabi ngesihluku ngokudutshulwa.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Isisekelo sokudla kwezinyathi ukudla kwezitshalo, inkunzi iwukudla okudla imifino. Ukugcwalisa umuntu oyedwa ngosuku, kudingeka okungenani u-28-30 kg wohlaza. Inani lokudla okunempilo kwezidlakela ezidla imifino yile:
- izitshalo herbaceous;
- okusanhlamvu;
- ukukhula okuncane, amahlumela ama-shrub;
- ubulembu;
- ubulembu;
- amagatsha;
- amahlamvu ezitshalo.
Ezinyonini eziphansi, ikhava elinotshani lama-steppes nezimfunda ligqame ekudleni. Abahlali basehlathini badla kakhulu amagatsha, amahlamvu. Nsuku zonke, imihlambi yezinyathi ihlangana echibini ukuze iqede ukoma kwayo.
Izinyoni eziklaba emapulazini zenziwa ekuseni kakhulu noma kusihlwa. Ngamahora okushisa emini, izilwane zihlala emthunzini wezihlahla ezinkulu, zicashe emahlathini amaningi.
Kangangokunokwenzeka, inyathi yasendle izulazula ifuna ukudla. Ngenkathi ebandayo, ukuntuleka kokudla kuthinta ikhwalithi yoboya. Izilwane zihlushwa indlala namakhaza. Ebusika, izindwangu zotshani ezithathwe ngaphansi kwezingqimba zeqhwa namagatsha ezitshalo ziba ukudla.
Izilwane zimba imigoqo yeqhwa, zimba imigodi ngamanqina neziphongo zazo. Njengezinyathi, ngokunyakaza okujikelezayo kwesifonyo, zingena zijule emhlabathini zifuna izimpande neziqu. Akumangalisi ukuthi ngenxa yalesi sizathu, abantu abaningi baba nezimagqabhagqabha zezimpandla emakhanda abo. Lapho imizimba yamanzi imbozwe yiqhwa, izilwane zidla iqhwa.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sokukhwela inyathi sivulwa ngoMeyi futhi sihlala kuze kube maphakathi no-Septhemba. Izilwane zinesithembu, azithandi ukudala ngazimbili ezihlala njalo. Inyathi yeduna inezindlovukazi zangempela zezinkomo ezi-3-5. Ngenkathi yokuzalanisa, kwakheka imihlambi emikhulu exubile, lapho kuba khona ukuncintisana okunzima.
Umzabalazo wabesifazane abahamba phambili phakathi kwamadoda anamandla unobudlova - izimpi aziholeli nje kuphela emanxebeni amakhulu, kepha nasekufeni komphikisi. Izimpi zenzeka ngesimo sokushayisana kwamabunzi, ukuxabana okuphelelwe yithemba. Ngesikhathi sokuqubuka kunomsindo obuthuntu emhlambini. Ukuduma okujwayelekile kufana nokusondela kwesiphepho. Ungayizwa imisindo yomhlambi odumayo ebangeni elingu-5-7 km.
Ngemuva kokukhwelana, abesifazane bayasuka emhlambini ukuze bazale abantwana. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa siyizinyanga eziyi-9-9.5. Eziseduze nokubeletha, izinkomo zifuna izindawo ezifihlekile zenzalo. Kunezimo zokuzalwa kwamathole ngqo emhlambini.
Kuzalwa izinyane, ukuzalwa kwababili akuvamile. Uma ukubeletha kwenzeka phakathi kwezinye izinyathi, azihlali zingenandaba, zibonisa intshisekelo nokunakekela - ziyahogela, zikhothe usana olusanda kuzalwa.
Isisindo sethole ngemuva kokuzalwa cishe singama-25 kg, uboya baso bubomvu ngokukhanyayo ngombala ophuzi. Ingane ayinazimpondo, i-hump iyabuna. Ngemuva kwehora elilodwa nengxenye kuya kwamabili ubudala, inyathi encane ingama ngezinyawo zayo, inyakaze ngemuva kukamama ohambayo.
Kuze kube unyaka owodwa ubudala, amathole adla ubisi lomama, okuqukethwe kwawo okunamafutha okuyi-12%. Zikhula ngokushesha, zithole amandla, ziqine, zifunde emidlalweni yobudala. Unyaka wokuqala wokuphila uyisikhathi esiyingozi kubo, ngoba ukungavikeleki kwezinsana kudonsela izilwane ezidla ezinye, ikakhulukazi amaphakethe ezimpisi, ukuze kube yizisulu ezilula. Usongo lokuhlaselwa luphuma nakumabhere anama-grizzly, ama-puma.
Inyathi yenza isiqiniseko sokuthi amathole awasuki emhlambini, lawula indawo yawo. Izilwane ezincane zifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi zineminyaka engama-3-5. Ezimweni zemvelo, isikhathi sokuphila sezinyathi iminyaka engama-20. Ekuthunjweni, ubude bempilo bukhula ngeminyaka eyi-5-10. Lezi zidlakela ezidla ubhedu zingaphansi kokulawulwa yizishoshovu ezilwela amalungelo ezilwane, yize ubukhulu bazo bangabuyiselwa endaweni yazo.
