Incazelo nezici
Ama-Lemmings yizilwane ezincelisayo ezincane ezihlukaniswa ngo-zoologists njengelungu lomndeni we-hamster. Ngaphandle nangosayizi, zifana nezihlobo eziqanjwe igama. Eqinisweni, ngaphansi kwegama "ulamula»Kuyisiko ukuhlanganisa amaqembu amaningana ezilwane ngasikhathi sinye, ahlobene kakhulu futhi angaphansi kohlelo lwamagundane avela emndenini we-vole.
Uboya balaba bameleli bezilwane bunobude obuphakathi, obukhulu, bungaba nsundu ngombala omnyama, obuyisidina, kwezinye izimo buhlukaniswa ngombala ohlukile. Izilwane ezinjalo zibukeka zikhuluphele kakhulu futhi ziminyene. Uboya obusekhanda labo, obunwetshiwe ngesimo, buhlanganisa ngokuphelele izindlebe ezincane.
Futhi kuwo wonke umzimba, uboya kuvela ukuthi buminyene kakhulu futhi buminyene kangangokuthi bufihle naphansi kwezidladla zezinhlobo ezithile zezinto. Ubuhlalu-amehlo agqama esihlathini somlomo esixegayo kuzinhlaka. Izidladla zalezi zidalwa zifushane kakhulu, umsila uvame ukuba ngaphezu kuka-2 cm ubude.
Ukulimaza – isilwane esine-tundra nakwezinye izindawo zesimo sezulu ezisenyakatho ezifanayo: iziqhingi zehlathi-i-tundra ne-Arctic, ngakho-ke ezinhlobonhlobo zezinhlobonhlobo, umbala wezinwele ebusika ukhanya ngokuphawuleka futhi uze uthole umbala omhlophe ukufanisa izingqimba zeqhwa ezizungezile. Izilwane ezinjalo zitholakala ezindaweni ezibandayo zase-Eurasia nasezindaweni ezimbozwe yiqhwa ezwenikazi laseMelika.
Izinhlobo
Kunezinhlobo ezanele zalaba bameleli bezilwane ezisenyakatho, futhi zonke ziyamukelwa, ngokwesigaba esesivunyelwe ngokusemthethweni manje, ukuthi zihlanganiswe zibe yizihlobo ezine. Ezinye zezinhlobonhlobo (cishe eziyisithupha zazo) zingabantu bezindawo zaseRussia. Ake sicabangele lokho ngokuningiliziwe, futhi ngokuningiliziwe izici zokubukeka kwazo zingabonakala esithombeni sama-lemmings.
1. Ulimi lwaseSiberia... Lezi zilwane zihlukaniswa njengamakhemikhali eqiniso. Mikhulu impela uma iqhathaniswa nabafowabo. Ubukhulu besilisa (buphakeme ngamapharamitha kwabesifazane) bungafinyelela kubude obungu-18 cm futhi bufinyelele isisindo esingaphezu kwekhulu lamagremu.
Imibala yezilwane ezinjalo inombala ophuzi ngokubomvu nokuhlanganiswa koboya obunsundu nobempunga kwezinye izindawo. Imininingwane ephawuleka ngokubukeka umugqa omnyama oqala phezulu maphakathi nomzimba wonke uye emsileni uqobo.
Kwezinye izindawo, isibonelo, labo abahlala eziqhingini zase-Arctic zaseRussia (Wrangel naseNovosibirsk), ngemuva komzimba kubhalwe indawo emnyama enkulu. Amanye ama-subspecies ahlala ezwekazini. Bahlala ezindaweni ezinezikhunta nezindawo ezifudumele zamahlathi-tundra ezifundeni zase-Arkhangelsk naseVologda, kanye nasemazweni aseKalmykia.
I-lemming yaseSiberia inombala we-variegated
2. Amur lemming... Njengamalungu ohlobo lwangaphambilini, lezi zilwane zingaphansi kohlobo lwe-lemmings yangempela. Bangabantu abahlala emahlathini ase-taiga. Kusatshalaliswe kusuka ezifundeni ezisenyakatho yeSiberia kuya empumalanga, kuze kufike eMagadan naseKamchatka.
Zikhula ngobude ngamasentimitha ayi-12. Ebusika, uboya bazo busilika, bude, ngombala bunsundu obumnyama ngokufakwa kwempunga nokuthinta ukugqwala. Izingubo zabo zasehlobo zinsundu ngomugqa omnyama ngemuva.
I-Amur lemming ibonakala kalula ngomugqa omnyama ngemuva
3. Ukulima ihlathi - okuwukuphela kohlobo lwegama elifanayo. Ihlala emahlathini e-coniferous, kepha kuphela ngobuningi bobulembu, e-turf lapho izidalwa ezinjalo zivame ukwenza imigudu. Bahlala enyakatho ye-Eurasia, kusatshalaliswa kabanzi: kusuka eNorway kuya eSakhalin.
Uma kuqhathaniswa nezihlobo ezichazwe ngenhla, ubukhulu bezinhlobonhlobo zalesi silwanyana buncane (ubude bomzimba cishe buyi-10 cm). Abesifazane badlula kancane imingcele yabesilisa, kepha isisindo sabo imvamisa asikho ngaphezu kuka-45 g.
Isici sezilwane ezinjalo ubukhona ngemuva, obumbozwe ngoboya obumpunga noma obumnyama, indawo enombala onsundu (kwesinye isikhathi isabalala ukusuka emuva kuye emuva kwekhanda). Uboya besilwane ngaphezulu bunensimbi yensimbi, esiswini ilula.
Ehlathini lezithombe ulamula
4. Ulimi lwaseNorway futhi kungokwalabo abamnyama bangempela. Isatshalaliswa ezifundeni zezintaba, ikakhulukazi eNorway, nasenyakatho yeFinland naseSweden, eRussia ihlala esiQhingini saseKola.
Ubukhulu bezilwane bucishe bube yi-15 cm, isisindo esilinganisiwe singu-130 g. Umbala u-brown-grey ngomugqa omnyama ngemuva. Isilwane esinjalo imvamisa sinesifuba nomphimbo onsundu onsundu, kanye nesisu esimpunga-ophuzi.
5. Ulamula oluyinselo - uhlobo oluvela kuhlobo lwegama elifanayo. It got igama layo isici ezithakazelisayo. Phambili, eminweni emaphakathi yalezi zilwane ezincane, uzipho lukhula kakhulu luze lube "izinselo" ezifana nefosholo.
Ngokubukeka, laba bameleli bezilwane bafana namagundane anezidladla ezimfushane. Bahlala ezifundeni ezibandayo kusukela oLwandle Olumhlophe kuye eKamchatka. Ngokwemvelo, bajwayelene kakhulu nokuphila ezimweni ezinzima.
Uboya babo buthambile, bujiyile, buhlanganisa ngisho namathe. Ebusika imhlophe qwa ngombala, ehlobo iba mpunga ngombala onsundu, ogqwalile noma ophuzi, omakwe ngomugqa omnyama wobude obude. Izilwane ezinkulu kakhulu zalezi zinhlobonhlobo zikhula zifike ku-16 cm, ama-specimens amancane - aze afike ku-11 cm.
I-lemming enezinselo yathola igama layo esakhiweni sezidladla zayo.
6. ULemming Vinogradov futhi kusuka ohlotsheni lwama-lemmings anezinselo. Futhi ngaphambili, ososayensi babengabakwa-subspecies kuphela be-lemming enezinselo, kepha manje sekuyaziwa njengohlobo oluzimele. Izilwane ezinjalo zitholakala ezindaweni ezise-Arctic e-Wrangel Island, futhi zathola igama lazo ngokuhlonipha usosayensi waseSoviet uVinogradov.
Zizinkulu ngosayizi, zikhula zifike ku-17 cm.Zinombala ompunga-phezulu ngengezo yezindawo ze-chestnut nezokhilimu, kanye nezinhlangothi ezibomvu kanye naphansi okukhanyayo. Lezi zinhlobo zithathwa njengezincane ngenani futhi zinesimo sokongiwa kwemvelo.
Izinhlobo ezincane kunazo zonke zezimila - iVinogradov
Indlela yokuphila nendawo yokuhlala
Izindawo ezimanzi ezinamaxhaphozi zehlathi-itundra, izintaba zezintaba nezindawo ezimbozwe yiqhwa e-arctic - lena yinhle indawo yolamula... Ngokwemvelo, lezi zilwane zikholelwa ukuthi zodwa, ngakho-ke azenzi amakoloni, zigwema nomphakathi wohlobo lwazo.
I-Collectivism ayijwayelekile kubo, kepha ukukhathalela inhlalakahle yabo kuphela okungumthombo wezintshisakalo zabo ezibalulekile. Bayabagwema futhi abathandi abanye abamele umhlaba wezilwane, kanye nabafowabo uqobo.
Lapho kunokudla okwanele kubo, lezi zilwane zikhetha izindawo ezithile ezilungele ukuhlala kuzo futhi ziholele ukuhlala lapho, zingashiyi izindawo zazo ezijwayelekile ngaphandle kwesizathu, kuze kube yilapho yonke imithombo yokudla iphela lapho. Imigodi ezimbiwa yodwa isebenza njengekhaya labo, abazama ukuyibeka kude nezindawo zamanye amalimu.
Ukuqoqwa okukhulu kwazo ezidlekeni kwenzeka ebusika kuphela futhi kuyisici sezinhlobo ezithile kuphela. Impahla engayodwana yezilwane ezinjalo kwesinye isikhathi ithatha isimo semigqa eminingana ejikelezayo, engathikamezi kuphela utshani nemifino yendawo ehlala izilwane.
Ama-Lemmings – izilwane ze-arctic... Ngakho-ke, ama-labyrinths ahlelwe yibo ezindaweni ezinjalo avame ukutholakala ngqo ngaphansi koqweqwe olujiyile. Kepha lezo zinhlobo ezihlala endaweni yehlathi-tundra zingakha izindlu zokuhlala ezivulekile ehlobo, zizakhele ngamahlumela nobulembu.
Ngasikhathi sinye, izindlela ezinyathelwa yilezi zidalwa zihamba ngezindlela ezahlukahlukene, futhi izilwane zihamba nazo nsuku zonke, zidla yonke imifino ezungezile. Izindima ezifanayo ziyaqhubeka nokuhlinzeka ngezimila ebusika, ziphenduke ama-labyrinth ngaphansi kwezinguzunga zeqhwa ngezikhathi ezinzima.
Izilwane ezinjalo, naphezu kobukhulu bazo obuncane futhi azibukeki neze njengempi, zivame ukuba nesibindi kakhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, akumangazi, ngoba bazalwa futhi bakhulela ezimeni ezinzima kakhulu, ngakho-ke benziwa lukhuni ubunzima. Ama-Lemmings awakwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi anolaka, kepha, ngokuzivikela, ayakwazi ukuhlasela izidalwa eziphilayo ezinkulu kunabo ngosayizi: amakati, izinja, ngisho nabantu.
Futhi-ke umuntu ukhetha ukuziqapha, yize imvuthu enjalo ingamlimazi kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, bayakwazi ukuluma. Izilwane ezinjalo ziba nolaka ngezikhathi ezinzima ngokungabi nokudla.
Lapho behlangana nesitha, bavuka ngendlela esongelayo: bavuka ngemilenze yabo yangemuva, bezwakalisa imizwa efana nempi ngayo yonke indlela ababukeka ngayo, futhi bazala ukukhala kwempi.
Lalela izwi le-lemming
Kepha ngezikhathi ezijwayelekile, lezi zidalwa zitholakala ngokuqapha okukhulu, futhi emini azishiyi izindawo zazo zokuhlala ngaphandle kwesizathu. Futhi ebusuku bakhetha ukucasha ngemuva kwezindawo zokukhosela ezahlukahlukene, ngokwesibonelo, amatshe noma emaxhaphozini obulembu.
Mayelana nalokhu, ososayensi banobunzima obubonakalayo nekhono lokunquma inani lamalimi ahlala endaweni ethile. Futhi ukukhomba ubukhona babo kwezinye izifunda kwesinye isikhathi mancane amathuba.
Ama-Lemmings awalethi inzuzo enkulu kubantu, kepha abaluleke kakhulu ku-tundra ecosystem. Izitha zabo yizimpungushe ezibandayo, ama-weasel, izimpisi, izimpungushe, kokunye amahansi asendle nezinyamazane. Ama-polar owls nama-ermine ayingozi kakhulu kubo.
Futhi yize benesibindi, lawa maqhawe amancane awakwazi ukuzivikela kulabo abenza lokho. Noma kunjalo, ukupha incazelo yolimi akunakwenzeka ukuthi ungasho ukuthi, zikhonza njengokudla kwezidalwa eziphilayo, lezi zilwane zidlala ezazo, zabelwe zona ngokwemvelo, zibambe iqhaza emjikelezweni wokuphila waseNyakatho.
Ukudla okunomsoco
Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi izilwane ezincane ezinjalo zinobudlova obukhulu. Emini, zimunca ukudla okuningi kangangokuba isisindo sazo kwesinye isikhathi sidlula okwazo kabili. Futhi uma sibala isisindo sevolumu yonyaka yemifino edliwe yibo, khona-ke iyafika futhi kwesinye isikhathi izuze ama-50 kg.
Kulokhu, imenyu yezilwane ezivela kulolu hlobo lwemikhiqizo, ngokwesibonelo, amajikijolo, ubulembu, utshani obusha, amahlumela amancane ezitshalo ezahlukahlukene zasenyakatho, izihlahla nezihlahla. Sebedle konke okuzungeze isiza esisodwa, bayaqhubeka befuna imithombo emisha yokudla. Ehlobo, izinambuzane nazo zingasebenza njengesibiliboco.
Ama-Lemmings cishe angahlafuna ngokuphelele izimpondo zezinyamazane ezilahliwe
Ukuzama ukugcwalisa imithombo yamandla emzimbeni wakho omncane (futhi kuhlale kuneswele sawo ezindaweni ezinzima phakathi kwezinto eziphilayo) ulamula wamagundane Kufanele ngisebenzise izinhlobo zokudla ezingajwayelekile kakhulu. Ikakhulukazi, izimpondo zezinyamazane, ezaziwa ngokukhipha izilwane ezinjalo minyaka yonke, futhi izigaxa zesikhumba kwesinye isikhathi ziyazidla, kungashiyi ngisho insali encane.
Ekufuneni ukudla, izilwane ezinjalo ziyakwazi ukunqoba noma yiziphi izithiyo, zidlule imizimba yamanzi bese zikhuphukela ezindaweni zabantu. Imvamisa ukuminza okunjalo kugcina kabuhlungu kubo. Ama-lemmings ayabulawa, agijinyiswe yizimoto, futhi acwile emanzini.
Ukuzala kanye nesikhathi sokuphila
Ukulimaza – isilwane, ehlukaniswa ngokuzala okunomona. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, izidalwa ezinjalo ziyanda, naphezu kwezimo ezinzima, ngisho nasebusika. Owesifazane oyedwa ukhiqiza amachwane amabili ngonyaka (lapho kunokudla okwanele, kungaba nodoti abathathu noma ngaphezulu, kwesinye isikhathi kuze kube yisithupha), futhi ngakunye kwabo, njengomthetho, kukhona okungenani amawundlu amahlanu, futhi kwezinye izimo, ayishumi azalwa.
Amalebhu amile
Futhi abesilisa abanezinyanga ezimbili ubudala sebekwazi ukuzala. Kepha ukuvuthwa kwasekuqaleni okunje kufanelekile, ngoba lezi zilwane zivame ukuhlala kungadluli iminyaka emibili futhi zivame ukufa ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngenxa yezimo zokuphila ezinzima nokuntuleka kokudla okwanele.
Ama-lemmings wezingane ngokuvamile akhuliswa ezidlekeni zemifino. Kwesinye isikhathi indawo yokuhlala enjalo iba nemizi emikhulu kakhulu. Kepha ngemuva kwamasonto amabili kuphela, ubunzima bokukhulisa isizukulwane esisha buphela, kanti abasha, abazishiyile, baqala impilo yokuzimela.
Ngenkathi abesifazane bebandakanyeka ekukhuliseni abantwana, beboshwe endaweni ethile yokwakha izidleke, abamele abesilisa bohlobo lwe-lemmings bahamba, okungukuthi, basakazeka ngokungahleliwe befuna ezinye izindawo ezinokudla okuningi.
Ososayensi babhala ukwanda okuphawulekayo enanini lezilwane ezinjalo cishe kanye njalo eminyakeni engamashumi amathathu. Uma kwenzeka ukuthi ukweqa okunjalo kubaluleke kakhulu, kuvela isimanga ekuziphatheni kweziphungumangathi.
Beqhutshwa ngumqondisi othile wohlobo lwabo, bona, bengazi ukwesaba, bathuthela kwalasha, izilwandle, amachibi nemifula, lapho iningi labo lizofela khona.
Amaqiniso anjalo aveza izinganekwane mayelana nokuzibulala kwabantu abaningi kulezi zilwanyana. Kodwa-ke, incazelo lapha, njengoba ososayensi sebekholelwa manje, ayihlali nhlobo esifisweni sokuzibulala. Vele ukufuna izindawo ezintsha zokuba khona, ama-lemmings alahlekelwa ngokuphelele umuzwa wokuzivikela. Abakwazi ukuma ngesikhathi, bebona izithiyo, ngakho-ke babhubhe.
