Isikhova esinamalebe amafushane Ingabe inyoni edla inyama engeye-oda lezikhova. Kusukela endulo, isikhova besibhekwa njengophawu lokuhlakanipha nolwazi oluyimfihlo. Imvamisa uvezwa njengomlingani obalulekile wamaSlavic Magi noma unkulunkulu wezilwane uVeles. Namuhla isikhova esinamaqabunga amfushane singenye yezinyoni ezidla kakhulu ezivamile endaweni yezwekazi lase-Eurasia, futhi indawo esihlala kuyo inkulu ngempela.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Isikhova esinamaqabunga amafushane
Ukuhlukaniswa kwesikhova esinamaqabunga amafushane njengezilwane kwenzeka phakathi nekhulu le-18. Isazi sezinto eziphilayo esidumile saseSweden uKarl Liney wahlonzwa njengezinhlobo ezihlukile zalezi zinyoni. Kepha ngaphandle kokungabaza, njengenhlobo, isikhova esinezinqe ezimfushane sakhiwa eminyakeni eyizinkulungwane ezimbalwa eyedlule.
Kukhona umbono wokuthi lesi silwane esinamaphiko sasihlala endaweni yase-Eurasia ngisho nangaphambi kokuphela kweminyaka yeqhwa. Futhi ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezinyoni, izikhova ezinamaqabunga amafushane zikwazile ukuzivumelanisa nesimo sezulu esishintshayo futhi zasinda ngokuphelele kuzo zonke izinhlekelele zemvelo. Izinsalela zasendulo zesikhova zasendulo zihlehlela emuva kwinkulungwane yesithathu yeminyaka BC futhi zatholwa eFrance ngesikhathi sokumbiwa kwemivubukulo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Izikhova ezinamaqabunga amafushane zithatha indawo ebalulekile ezinganekwaneni zabantu abahlukahlukene. Phakathi kwamaSlav, kuwuphawu lokuhlakanipha nolwazi, kanti emazweni ase-Asia luphawu lokufa okuseduze, umlingani obalulekile wedemoni othatha imiphefumulo.
Ividiyo: Isikhova esinamaqabunga amafushane
Ngokuya ngamaphiko nobukhulu, izikhova ezinamaqabunga amafushane yizinyoni eziphakathi nendawo, kepha lokhu akuzenzi zibe yizilwane eziyingozi.
Lezi zinyoni zinezici ezibalulekile ezilandelayo:
- ubude bomzimba, abudluli ngamasentimitha angama-45;
- amaphiko - cishe imitha elilodwa;
- isisindo somzimba, hhayi ngaphezu kuka-500 amagremu;
- ikhanda likhulu futhi liyindilinga ngamehlo aphuzi aphuzi (noma akhanyayo o-orenji);
- uqhwaku luqinile futhi lunamandla, izidlo zalo zigobele phansi.
Izimpaphe zale nyoni zinombala onsundu ngokukhanyayo. Izimpaphe zithambile, zinamathele ngokuqinile komunye nomunye. Amanye ama-subspecies ezikhova ezinamaqabunga amafushane anaphansi, okusiza ukuthi zihlale zifudumele ngisho nasemakhazeni amabi kakhulu. Ngezansi kwezimpaphe kukhanya kancane kunangemuva, okubonakala ngokusobala lapho inyoni indiza. Isici esithandekayo sale nyoni ukuthi abesilisa besikhova esinamaqabunga amafushane bancane kunabesifazane, kodwa abahlukile nakancane ngombala wezimpaphe zabo.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isikhova esinamaqabunga amafushane
Umndeni wesikhova ungomunye wezilwane ezinamaphiko eziningi kakhulu emhlabeni. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izikhova zihlala cishe kuzo zonke izindawo zezulu futhi zikwazi ukujwayela impilo ezimweni ezahlukahlukene zemvelo. Ukubukeka nokuziphatha kwenyoni kuncike ekutheni ingeyiphi i-subspecies.
Njengamanje, izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene zezikhova ezinamaqabunga amafushane ziyahlukaniswa:
Isikhova esikhulu esimpunga - enye yezinyoni ezinkulu zalolu hlobo. Kukhona abantu abafinyelela imitha ngosayizi ngamaphiko emitha elilodwa nohhafu. Ungabona isikhova esiphundu hhayi ngosayizi waso omkhulu kuphela, kodwa futhi nangemibuthano emnyama ezungeze amehlo. Futhi, kunendawo enkulu emnyama ngaphansi komlomo. Ifana nentshebe, yingakho igama lale nyoni. Okuthokozisayo kweGreat Grey Owl ukuthi ayizakhi izidleke zayo, ikhetha ukuhlala esidlekeni esenziwe ngomumo sezinye izinyoni. Le nyoni ihlala eRussian Federation, kanye naseMpumalanga Ekude, emazweni afana neMongolia neChina;
KU-INisikhova esinezimpondo - omele abancani bomndeni wesikhova. Usayizi womuntu omdala awudluli amasentimitha angama-20, kanti amaphiko emaphiko awekho ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angama-40. Ifana nejuba ngosayizi, kepha liyisilwane esisebenzayo futhi lizingela ngokuphelele amajuba afanayo. Izimpaphe zesikhova sondlunkulu zinombala onsundu ngokumpunga, ikhanda lincane, amehlo aphikisayo makhulu futhi ahlukaniswe kabanzi. Okucacile ngale nyoni ukuthi imbozwe ngezimpaphe eziwugqinsi kuzipho zayo uqobo.
Isikhova esimhlophe - mhlawumbe ummeleli ongavamile kakhulu wezikhova zomndeni. Ihlukahluka hhayi ngosayizi wayo omkhulu kuphela (kuze kufike kumasentimitha angama-50 ubude kuze kufike kuma-2 kilogram wesisindo), kodwa futhi nokufihla okuhle kakhulu. Izimpaphe zale nyoni zimhlophe, zinechashazi elincane elimnyama. Lokhu kuyivumela ukuthi izifihle ngokuphelele esimweni se-tundra kanye ne-permafrost. Mina nezinyoni siyakwazi ukusinda ngisho nasezingeni lokushisa eliphansi ngokwedlulele, futhi sizizwa sikhulu ngisho naseziqhingini zoLwandle i-Arctic.
Isikhova SoKlebe - isilwane esiyingozi kakhulu somndeni. Le nyoni yathola igama layo ngenxa yokuthi umbala wezimpaphe zayo (onsundu ngokunsundu) uyefana nombala wezimpaphe zoKlebe. Le nyoni ihlala ezifundeni ezinamahlathi aseYurophu, eKamchatka, eNyakatho Melika naseChukotka, isisulu sayo esiyinhloko yi-black grouse, i-hazel grouse, ama-hares kanye nezikwele.
Uhlala kuphi isikhova esinamalebe amafushane?
Isithombe: Isikhova esinamaqabunga amafushane eRussia
Isikhova esinamaqabunga amafushane yinyoni engathobeki ekwazi ukuzivumelanisa nezimo kakhulu. Ngakho-ke, akukho lutho olumangazayo ekutheni lesi silwane esinamaphiko sihlala emhlabeni wonke ngaphandle kwe-Antarctica ne-Australia.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Amandla aphakeme okuguquguquka kwesikhova abonakala ngeqiniso lokuthi liyakwazi ukusinda ngisho naseziqhingini ezimbozwe yiqhwa e-Arctic Ocean ezimeni ezibandayo kanye nokushisa okungapheli okuqhubekayo.
Izikhova ezinamaqabunga amfushane zihlala ngobumnandi kulo lonke elase-Eurasia kusukela ePortugal naseSpain kuya eTrans-Baikal nasemahlathini aseMongolia. Indawo enhle yokuhlala isikhova yi-tundra, i-steppe noma ama-wastelands amakhulu anezimila eziphansi. Uma kudingeka, izinyoni ziyakwazi ukuhlala onqenqemeni lwehlathi, kodwa azisoze zahlala ehlathini elicinene.
Ngokuqondene namazwe aseLatin America noma amazwe aseningizimu anezinga lokushisa lomoya eliphakeme njalo, izinyoni zikhetha ukuhlala emathafeni emifula emikhulu, ezindaweni ezinamanzi noma ogwini lolwandle. Isikhova esinamaqabunga amafushane ngokulinganayo ekhaya emaxhaphozini aseLouisiana nase-Andes ephakeme endaweni ephakeme ngamamitha ayi-3000.
Ezindaweni ezisenyakatho, izinyoni zifudukela ezifundeni ezifudumele, futhi emazweni ashisayo, izikhova zihlala phansi futhi zichitha impilo yazo yonke endaweni efanayo. Izinyoni azesabi abantu futhi kaningi zihlala eduze nomhlaba omkhulu wezolimo, amasimu noma izindawo zokuhlala zabantu.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona isikhova esinamaqabunga amafushane. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Sidlani isikhova esinamalebe amafushane?
Isithombe: Isikhova esinamaqabunga amafushane emvelweni
Ngokuvamile, lezi zinyoni ezidla inyamazane zizingela amagundane amancane. Amagundane e-Vole, amagundane asehlathini kanye namagundane yizona zinto ezidla kakhulu isikhova esinamaqabunga amafushane. Ngokushoda kwamagundane, izikhova ziyakwazi ukubamba izinyoka, amaxoxo, izinambuzane ezinkulu ezindizayo ngisho nezinhlanzi (imvamisa lokhu kwenzeka ezindaweni ezisogwini noma eduze nemifula emikhulu). Abantu abakhulu bayakwazi ukuzingela unogwaja futhi babambe amawundlu ezimpungushe nezimpisi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Isifunda esijwayelekile sesikhova sexhaphozi - 60-80 amagremu enyama. Lawa amagundane angama-2-3 vole. Kepha uma kubanda noma ngesikhathi sokondla amaphuphu, isikhova esinamaqabunga amafushane sikwazi ukubamba ama-voles ayi-10-12 ngosuku, okufana kakhulu nesisindo sawo.
I-Owl enamaqabunga amafushane ingenye yezinyoni ezimbalwa ezikwazi ukuzigcinela usuku lwemvula. Lapho inyoni igcwele ngokuphelele, bese ibuyisa ukudla okungenamanzi okuseduze nesidleke. Imvamisa, lawa angamagundane we-vole we-6-8 agaywe kabili. Izinqolobane ezinjalo zisiza le nyoni ukuba iphile emthonjeni olambile noma ibambe ebusika uma kunamakhaza amakhulu.
Indlela ethakazelisa kakhulu yokuzingela isikhova esinamaqabunga amafushane. Inyoni izingela ngempumelelo elinganayo kokubili egqumeni nasendizeni esezingeni eliphansi ekuphakameni okungafika kumamitha ayi-10 ukusuka ezingeni lomhlabathi. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngenkathi izingela, isikhova esinamalebe amafushane asiholwa kuphela umbono omuhle kakhulu, kepha futhi nendlebe ebukhali, esivumela ukuthi ithole amagundane ngisho nangaphansi komhlaba.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Isikhova esinamaqabunga amafushane endizeni
Isikhova esinamaqabunga amafushane sichitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwaso sodwa. Kuphela ngenkathi yokuzalanisa (izinyanga ezimbalwa ngonyaka), owesilisa nowesifazane bahlala eduze kakhulu. Isikhova ngasinye esinamaqabunga amafushane sinendawo yaso. Incane kunaleyo yezinyoni ezinkulu ezidla inyama, kepha indawo yayo yanele ukondla inyoni unyaka wonke.
Isiqongo somsebenzi wokuphila senzeka esikhova esinamaqabunga amafushane lapho kushona ilanga, kusihlwa nasebusuku. Isikhova siyazingela futhi sichitha amahora amaningi sibamba izilwane ezincane ezahlukahlukene. Phakathi kwamabili, umsebenzi wale nyoni uyawa, bese iya esidlekeni. Kodwa-ke, ungacabangi ukuthi isikhova asikwazi ukuzingela emini. Uma kunesidingo (uma kunesidingo sokondla amaphuphu noma lapho kungekho khona isisulu esanele ebusuku), isikhova singazingela ekuseni noma kusihlwa. Le nyoni ithanda ukuchitha kuphela amahora ashisa kakhulu esidlekeni.
Uma isikhova sihlala eduze kwamanzi amaningi futhi kufanele sincintisane nezinhlanzi zasolwandle nama-skuas, sishintsha ngokuphelele indlela yokuphila yasebusuku, ngoba ezinye izinyoni zilala ebusuku. Indlela ethakazelisa kakhulu yokuphumuza isikhova esinamalebe amafushane. Ukuze amaphiko akhululeke, isikhova sihlala egatsheni sime ngokuqinile noma sandise amaphiko aso phansi. Ngenxa yezimpaphe zokufihla, le nyoni kunzima kakhulu ukuyibona, futhi ungahamba amamitha ambalwa ukusuka esikhova unganakile.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, izikhova ezinamaqabunga amafushane ziyakuthanda ukushiswa yilanga. Ukwenza lokhu, bahlala babheke ilanga bese behlisa amaphiko abo phansi ngangokunokwenzeka. Izikhova ezifudukayo (ikakhulukazi lezo ezihlala e-Arctic Circle) zihlangana ngemihlambi yabantu abangama-50-80 bese zihamba ibanga elingamakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane ezingama-2-3 ukuya ezindaweni zazo zobusika ezihlala njalo.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Isikhova esinamaqabunga amafushane eBelarus
Njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, izikhova ezingashadile nemibhangqwana ihlangana ndawonye kuphela ngenkathi yokuzalanisa. Isikhathi sokukhwelana sezikhova siqala ngasekupheleni kukaMashi futhi siphela ekuqaleni kukaJuni, konke kuncike ezimweni zezulu lapho inyoni ihlala khona. Entwasahlobo, imibhangqwana eyodwa iyakheka, kepha ngemuva kwesizini imibhangqwana iyahlukana futhi amathuba okuthi baphinde bahlangane mancane.
Ukuheha abesifazane, abesilisa bakhombisa uhlangothi lwangaphakathi lwamaphiko futhi bandize ngokuvunguza, kukhombisa amandla abo. Owesifazane unikezwa isipho ngesimo somdlalo obanjiwe, futhi uma esamukela isipho, khona-ke bobabili babhekwa njengabakhiwe. Isidleke sesikhova sibekwa ngqo emhlabathini. Imvamisa, kuba umgodi omncane ogcwele izimpaphe notshani obomile ngaphakathi. Owesilisa nowesifazane bahlanganyela ekwakhiweni kwesidleke ndawonye, futhi, njengomthetho, kufihlwa ngokucophelela. Kunzima ukuyithola kokubili kusukela phansi kanye nasemoyeni.
Ngokuvamile kunamaqanda ayi-5 kuya kwangu-10 esidlekeni kanti yinsikazi kuphela ehlanganyela ekufukameleni. Ngokulandelayo, owesilisa uhlinzeka insikazi kanye nayo yonke inzalo yakhe. Ngalesi sizathu, izikhova ziyakwazi ukuzingela ngisho nasemini, ngisho nangezisulu ezingejwayelekile kubo. Ukuchamisela amaqanda kuthatha izinsuku ezingama-22-25. Amachwane aqanduselwa embozwe ukumhlophe okumhlophe. Ngosuku lwe-12, ziyakwazi ukugwinya inyamazane yazo, futhi kuze kube yileso sikhathi insikazi izondla ngokudla okugaywe kancane.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kaningi, izikhova ezichanyuswayo ziqala ukudla abafowabo abancane. Ukuzilolonga kukhombisa ukuthi uma amaphuphu ama-5-6 echanyuselwa, khona-ke kuphuma izidleke ezingekho ngaphezu kwezingu-3 esidlekeni.
Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezingama-20, amaphuphu ashiya isidleke ayozama ukusuka. Ngemuva kwezinye izinsuku eziyi-10, sebevele bekwazi ukundiza, futhi ngemuva kwenye inyanga bangakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kwabazali babo. Baqala ukuzingela bodwa futhi bandize bayofuna indawo yabo.
Izitha zemvelo zesikhova esifushane
Isithombe: Sibukeka kanjani isikhova esinamaqabunga amafushane
Yize iqiniso lokuthi isikhova esinamaqabunga amafushane siyinyoni edla inyama, sinezitha eziningi zemvelo. Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi isikhova sakha isidleke phansi futhi cishe zonke izidalwa ezinemilenze emine zingafinyelela kuso.
Zonke izinhlobo zezimpungushe, ama-martens ngisho nezingulube zasendle zibeka engcupheni enkulu hhayi kuphela ngokubeka amaqanda, kepha nangamachwane amancane ahleli esidlekeni. Izikhova zisifihla ngokucophelela isidleke, kodwa izilwane ezidla ezinye zikuthola kulula ukusilandela isidleke futhi zidle amaqanda. Ngalesi sizathu, izikhova ezinamaqabunga amafushane zinezinga eliphansi kakhulu lokuzalwa, futhi kuphela amachwane angu-1-2 kuphela asinda ku-clutch ngayinye.
Izinyoni ezisezimpikweni nezinyoni ezindala zingasongelwa ezinye izidalwa ezinamaphiko. Izinkozi, oklebe namakhayithi konke kubeka engcupheni enkulu ngisho nasezinyonini esezifinyelele ebusheni. Izilwane ezincane ezingenalwazi ziba yizisulu ezilula zezinyoni ezinkulu ezidla inyama.
Kodwa-ke, ingozi enkulu kunazo zonke kwizikhova ngabantu. Izenzo zabantu ezahlukahlukene zilinciphisa kakhulu izikhova ezinamaqabunga amafushane. Isibonelo, zimbalwa kakhulu zalezi zinyoni eYurophu, futhi zizizwa zikhululekile ngempela kuphela eSiberia, eMpumalanga Ekude nase-Ural polar.
Amakhemikhali asetshenziselwa ukuloba amagundane nawo ayingozi enkulu ezinyonini. Kunezimo ezivamile lapho izinyoni zifakwe ubuthi kumagundane, zidla ama-voles namagundane.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Isikhova esinamaqabunga amafushane
Ngaphandle kokuthi izinhlobo zezikhova ezinamaqabunga amafushane zinesimo "sengozi yokuqothulwa kuncane", inani lezinyoni lincipha minyaka yonke. Ukuphila okuyimfihlo nokuhlala wedwa akusivumeli ukuthi sisho ukuthi zingaki izikhova ezinamaqabunga amafushane ezihlala esikhathini esithile, kodwa ngokusho kokulinganisela kwama-ornithologists, cishe abantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-300 bahlala e-Eurasia.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuhlakazeka kwezinyoni akulingani futhi emazweni athuthukile futhi anabantu abaningi njengeGerman, Austria noma i-Italy, inani lezinyoni lincipha ngo-9-12% minyaka yonke. Iningi labantu besikhova esinamalebe amafushane lihlala eRussian Federation. Ezindaweni ezikude zaseSiberia naseMpumalanga Ekude, kunezinyoni ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingama-250, okungukuthi, cishe ama-80% azo zonke izikhova ezwenikazi.
Izikhova ezengeziwe ezingama-200,000 ezinamaqabunga amafushane zihlala eNyakatho Melika, kodwa amanani azo ancipha ngokuqhubekayo. Cishe ama-25% azo zonke izikhova ezihlala eNyakatho Melika ziboshwe, futhi ngenombolo yazo eyodwa angahlulela ukuncishiswa kwazo zonke izinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo. Njalo ngonyaka inani lezinyoni lincipha ngo-5-8%, okusho ukuthi eminyakeni embalwa isibalo sezinhlobo zizokwehla kumanani aphansi kakhulu futhi usongo lokuqothulwa luyoba ngokoqobo impela.
Ngobulungiswa, kufanele kuthiwe izikhova ezinamaqabunga amafushane zihlala kuwo wonke ama-zoo amakhulu emhlabeni. Izinyoni zizala kahle ekuthunjweni futhi ukuqothulwa kokugcina kohlobo alusongeli lezi zinyoni. Umbuzo uwukuthi umbuzo wokuthi izikhova zizohlala endle yini noma ziba izakhamuzi zaphakade zama-zoo.
Isikhova esinamalebe amafushane - enye yezinyoni ezingavamile kakhulu ezingatholakala emvelweni. Umbala wezimpaphe zokufihla, amehlo amakhulu ngokungavamile, ikhono lokuphendula intamo ama-degree ayi-180 - lawa ngamaqiniso ambalwa nje enza le nyoni ihluke ngempela.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 11/26/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 09/06/2019 ngo-16: 24
