Ijuba lomgibeli - ihlazo laphakade esintwini. Isibonelo sokuthi noma yiluphi uhlobo, noma ngabe lungakanani, lungabhujiswa. Manje kuningi okwaziwayo ngabazulazuli kunangesikhathi sokuphila kwabo, kepha lolu lwazi aluphelele futhi luvame ukususelwa ocwaningweni lwezilwane ezifakiwe, amathambo, amarekhodi nemidwebo yofakazi bokuzibonela. Imininingwane eminingi itholakala ocwaningweni lofuzo.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Ijuba elizulazulayo
Ijuba elizulazulayo (Ectopistes migratorius) yilona kuphela elimele uhlobo lwe-monotypic genus Ectopistes emndenini wamajuba. Igama lesiLatini elinikezwe nguLinnaeus ngo-1758 likhombisa ubunjalo bakhe futhi ekuhumusheni kusho "umhambuma ohambahambayo" noma "umhambuma".
Kugcwele eNyakatho Melika. Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kwizifundo zofuzo, izihlobo zayo eziseduze kakhulu ezivela kuhlobo lwePatagioenas zitholakala kuphela eNew World. Izihlobo ezikude kakhulu nezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene ezivela kubamele amajuba weqiniso kanye namajuba e-cuckoo zihlala eningizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia.
Ividiyo: Ezulazula Ijuba
Ngokwelinye iqembu labacwaningi, kulapha lapho okhokho bejuba elizulazulayo bake bahamba bayofuna izindawo ezintsha, kungaba ngaphesheya kwezwe laseBerengi, noma ngqo bawela iPacific Ocean. Izinsalela zibonisa ukuthi lolu hlobo lwase luvele luhlala ezifundeni ezahlukahlukene zezwekazi laseNyakatho Melika eminyakeni engaba ngu-100 000 edlule.
Ngokusho kwabanye ososayensi, ubudlelwane bemindeni namajuba ase-East Asia bakude kakhulu. Okhokho bamajuba Omhlaba Omusha kumele bafunwe eNeotropics, okungukuthi, isifunda se-biogeographic esihlanganisa iNingizimu neMelika Ephakathi kanye neziqhingi eziseduze. Kodwa-ke, bobabili benze ukuhlaziywa kwezakhi zofuzo ezintweni zomnyuziyamu futhi imiphumela etholakele ayinakucatshangwa njengeyiqiniso kakhulu.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani ijuba elizulazulayo
I-wanderer yaguqulelwa ezindizeni ezinde ezinejubane elikhulu, konke ekwakhekeni komzimba wayo kukhombisa lokhu: ikhanda elincane, imidwebo yezinombolo ezihlelekile, amaphiko amade abukhali nomsila owenza ngaphezu kwengxenye yomzimba. Izimpaphe ezimbili ezengeziwe ezithe xaxa maphakathi nomsila zigcizelela ukuma okunwetshiwe kwale nyoni, elolelwe ukundiza.
Lezi zinhlobo zibonakala nge-dimorphism yezocansi. Ubude besilisa esikhulile babucishe bube ngamasentimitha angama-40, isisindo sifike ku-340 g. Iphiko lowesilisa lalingu-196 - 215 mm ubude, umsila - 175 - 210 mm. Umbala manje usungahlulelwa yizilwane ezigcwele uthuli nemidwebo eyenziwe ngazo noma ngememori. Munye kuphela umculi owaziwa ngokwethembeka obhekiswe kumajuba aphilayo - uCharles Knight.
Izimpaphe ezibushelelezi zekhanda ziphenduke zaba ezentambo entanyeni, njengalezo ze-sisar yethu. Ngokuya ngokukhanyisa, babekhazimula okunsomi, okwethusi, okuluhlaza okotshani okusagolide. Okumpunga okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okune-tint yomnqumo ngemuva kugeleze kahle kuma-covert we-oda lesibili. Amanye amakhava aphela endaweni emnyama, enikeza amaphiko ukuhlukahluka.
Izimpaphe zezindiza zohlelo lokuqala zaziphikisana nobumnyama futhi izimpaphe ezimbili zomsila ezimaphakathi zazinombala ofanayo. Zonke ezinye izimpaphe zomsila zazimhlophe futhi zancishiswa kancane kancane ukusuka enkabeni kuya emaphethelweni ayo. Ukwahlulela ngezithombe, umsila waleli juba ubuzolungela kakhulu inyoni yepharadesi. Umbala webhilikosi womphimbo nesifuba, uphenduke kancane kancane, uphenduke umhlophe esiswini nasezethembeni. Lesi sithombe saqedwa ngomlomo omnyama, amehlo abomvu klebhu nemilenze ebomvu ngokugqamile.
Owesifazane wayemncane kancane, engekho ngaphezu kuka-40 cm, futhi ebukeka edelela. Ikakhulu ngenxa yombala ompunga onsundu webele nomphimbo. Iphinde yahlukaniswa ngamaphiko ahlukahlukene, izimpaphe zokundiza ezinomngcele obomvu ngaphandle, umsila omfishane, kanye nendandatho eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka (hhayi ebomvu) ezungeze iso. Abasakhulayo, ngokuvamile, babefana nabesifazane abadala, behluke ngokungabikho okuphelele kokuchichima entanyeni, umbala omnyama onsundu wekhanda nesifuba. Ukwahluka kocansi kwavela ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila.
Lalihlala kuphi ijuba elizulazulayo?
Isithombe: Ijuba elizulazula lenyoni
Esigabeni sokugcina sokuphila kwalezi zinhlobo, ibanga lejuba elizulazulayo lacishe laqondana nendawo yokwabiwa kwamahlathi ahlasele ahlala ezifundeni ezisenkabeni nasempumalanga yeNyakatho Melika ukusuka eningizimu yeCanada kuya eMexico. Imihlambi yamajuba yasatshalaliswa ngokungalingani: ngokuyinhloko yathutha yonkana insimu ifuna ukudla, futhi yahlala ngokuzinza kuphela ngesikhathi sokuzala.
Izindawo zokwakha izidleke zazilinganiselwe ezifundazweni zaseWisconsin, eMichigan, eNew York enyakatho naseKentucky nasePennsylvania eningizimu. Kwaqashelwa imihlambi ehlukile yokufuduka ngochungechunge lwezintaba ezinamadwala, kepha ikakhulukazi amahlathi asentshonalanga abekwa ezandleni zabaphikisi abaphikisanayo - amajuba anemigqa emide. Ebusika obubandayo, amajuba azulazulayo angandizela kude eningizimu: eCuba naseBermuda.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umbala walezi juba uzinzile kakhulu, ukwahlulela ngezilwane ezifakiwe. Phakathi kwamakhulu ama-specimens, kwatholakala i-atypical eyodwa. Owesifazane ovela eMnyuziyamu Wezomlando WaseTring (eNgilandi) unezimpaphe ezinombala onsundu, ezansi ezimhlophe, izimpaphe zezindiza zokuqala ezimhlophe. Kunokusola ukuthi iscabha besivele siselangeni isikhathi eside.
Imihlambi emikhulu yafuna izindawo ezifanele ukuba zibekwe. Izintandokazi zemvelo ngesikhathi sokufuduka kanye nezikhathi zokwakha izidleke zanqunywa ukutholakala kwezindawo zokuhlala nezinsizakusebenza zokudla. Izimo ezinjalo zibanikeze amahlathi amakhulu e-oki ne-beech, nasezindaweni zokuhlala - amasimu anezitshalo ezivuthiwe zokusanhlamvu.
Manje uyazi ukuthi ijuba elizulazulayo belihlala kuphi. Ake sibone ukuthi wadlani.
Lidlani ijuba elizulazulayo?
Isithombe: Ijuba elizulazulayo
Imenyu yenkukhu yayixhomeke kwisizini futhi yayinqunywa ngokudla okwatholakala ukuthi kunenala.
Entwasahlobo nasehlobo, izinambuzane ezingenamgogodla (izibungu, iminenke, amacimbi) nezithelo ezithambile zezihlahla zasehlathini notshani bekudla njengokudla okuyinhloko:
- irgi;
- inyoni cherry futhi sekwephuzile futhi Pennsylvania;
- kamalibhele obomvu;
- i-deren canadian;
- amagilebhisi omfula;
- izinhlobo zendawo zamajikijolo;
- amajikijolo asentshonalanga namajikijolo;
- lakonos.
Ngokuwa, lapho amantongomane nama-acorn esevuthiwe, amajuba ahamba ayofuna. Ukuvuna okunothile kwenzeka ngokungajwayelekile nasezindaweni ezahlukahlukene, ngakho-ke unyaka nonyaka amajuba ayekama emahlathini, eshintsha imizila futhi ema ezindaweni eziningi zokudla. Bangandiza nawo wonke umhlambi, noma bathumele izinyoni ngazinye ukuze zihlolwe, okwenza izindiza zasemini zasemhlabeni, zisuke kude ibanga elingafika ku-130, noma ngisho ne-160 km ukusuka endaweni yokuhlala ubusuku bonke.
Ngokuyisisekelo, ukudla kwahamba:
- ama-acorn ezinhlobo ezine ze-oki, ikakhulukazi ezimhlophe, ezazisakazeke kakhulu ngalezo zinsuku;
- amantongomane e-beech;
- izithelo ze-chestnut ezinamazinyo, ezingakabhujiswa ngumqedazwe wesifo sefungal esethulwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20;
- i-lionfish yemapula nezihlahla zomlotha;
- okusanhlamvu okulinyiwe, i-buckwheat, ummbila.
Zondla ngalobu busika bonke futhi zondla amaphuphu entwasahlobo, zisebenzisa okungenaso isikhathi sokuhluma. Izinyoni zazimba ukudla phakathi kwamaqabunga afile neqhwa, zikhiwe ezihlahleni, futhi ama-acorn ayengagwinya ngokuphelele ngenxa yomphimbo onwebekayo nokukwazi ukuvula umlomo wawo. I-goiter ye-wanderer yahlukaniswa namandla ayo ahlukile. Kwalinganiselwa ukuthi amantongomane angama-28 noma ama-acorn ayi-17 anganela kuyo; ngosuku, le nyoni yamunca ama-acorn afinyelela ku-100 g. Njengoba zigwinye ngokushesha, amajuba ahlala phansi ezihlahleni futhi vele ngaphandle kokuxhamazela abandakanyeka ekugayeni ukubamba.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Ijuba elizulazulayo
Amajuba azulazulayo kwakungezinyoni eziyimizulane. Ngaso sonke isikhathi, ngaphandle kokufukamela nangokondla inzalo, zazindiza zifuna ukudla ezindaweni ngezindawo. Ngokuqala kwesimo sezulu esibandayo, bathuthela eningizimu yebanga. Umhlambi ngamunye wawunezinkulungwane zezigidi zezinyoni futhi wawubukeka njengamaribhoni agobayo aze afike kumakhilomitha angama-500 ubude no-1.5 km ububanzi. Kubonakala kubabukeli ukuthi abanasiphelo. Ukuphakama kwendiza kwakuhluka kusuka ku-1 kuye ku-400 m, kuya ngamandla omoya. Ijubane elijwayelekile lejuba elidala ezindizeni ezinjalo lalicishe libe yi-100 km / h.
Lapho indiza, ijuba lenza izimpiko zalo ezisheshayo nezimfushane zamaphiko alo, ebe zivama kakhulu ngaphambi kokufika. Futhi uma esemoyeni wayegijima futhi eqondiswa kalula ngisho nasehlathini elicinene, khona-ke wayehamba phansi ngezitebhisi ezimfushane ezingathandeki. Ubukhona bepakethe bungaqashelwa amakhilomitha amaningi. Izinyoni zenze umsindo omkhulu, onokhahlo, ongakhiphi umsindo. Lokhu kwafunwa yisimo - esixukwini esikhulu esigcwele, ngamunye wazama ukumemeza omunye. Kwakucishe kungalwi - ezimweni ezingqubuzanayo, izinyoni zazenelisekile ngokusongelana ngamaphiko avulekile futhi zihlakazeke.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Kukhona amarekhodi wezingcingo zamajuba ezenziwe ngudokotela wezinyoni waseMelika uWallis Craig ngo-1911. Usosayensi wabhala abamele bokugcina bezinhlobo ezihlala ekuthunjweni. Izimpawu ezahlukahlukene zokuhayiza nokukhononda zisebenze ukuheha ukunakwa, ukuheha ukukhwelwa kwabamenyiwe, umculo okhethekile ubudlalwa ijuba esidlekeni.
Ngokuchitha ubusuku bonke, izihambeli zakhetha izindawo ezinkulu. Imihlambi emikhulu ikakhulukazi ibingathatha amahektha afinyelela kuma-26,000, ngenkathi izinyoni zihleli ezimweni eziminyene ezimbi, zikhama zodwa. Isikhathi sokuhlala sincike ekuphakelweni kokudla, isimo sezulu, izimo. Izindawo zokupaka zingashintsha unyaka nonyaka. Impilo yamajuba amahhala yahlala ingaziwa. Babengahlala ekuthunjweni okungenani iminyaka eyi-15, futhi omele uhlobo lwakamuva, uMartha ijuba, waphila iminyaka engama-29.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Ijuba elidukayo elizulazulayo
Kubazulazuli, ukuzala komphakathi kuyisici. Kusukela ekuqaleni kukaMashi, imihlambi yaqala ukubuthana ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke. Ekupheleni kwenyanga, kwavela amakoloni amakhulu. Esinye sezokugcina, esaphawulwa ngo-1871 ehlathini laseWisconsin, sasihlala amahektha angama-220,000, abantu abayizigidi eziyi-136 babehlala kuso futhi sisondelene kangangoba kwakukhona izidleke ezibalelwa ku-500 esihlahleni ngasinye. Kepha imvamisa amakoloni ayekhawulelwa endaweni engamahektha angama-50 kuya kwayizinkulungwane. Ukuhlalisa izidleke kwathatha inyanga eyodwa kuya kwesigamu.
Inqubo yokuqomisana phakathi kowesilisa nowesifazane kwandulele ukukhwelana. Kwenzeka ophahleni lwamagatsha futhi kwafaka ukuphola okuncane nokuvulwa komsila namaphiko okwadweba ngawo owesilisa ngaphezulu. Umkhuba waphela lapho owesifazane eqabula owesilisa, njengoba kwenza i-sisari. Akukaziwa ukuthi bazichamele kangaki isizini ngesizini. Cishe eyodwa kuphela. Izinsuku ezimbalwa, labo abasanda kushada bakha isidleke ngamagatsha ngendlela yesitsha esingajulile cishe ngo-15 cm ububanzi. Iqanda lalivame ukuba linye, limhlophe, 40 x 34 mm. Bobabili abazali bayifukamela ngokulandelana, iphuphu lachanyuselwa ezinsukwini eziyi-12-14.
Itshwele liyingane ejwayelekile yezinyoni ezizalela izidleke; yazalwa iyimpumputhe futhi ingenakuzisiza, ekuqaleni yayidla ubisi lwabazali bayo. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-3 - 6 wayiswa ekudleni kwabantu abadala, kwathi ngemuva kuka-13 - 15 bayeka ukudla nhlobo. Iphuphu, eselivele linezimpaphe ngokugcwele, lalithola inkululeko. Yonke le nqubo yathatha cishe inyanga. Ngemuva konyaka, uma ekwazi ukusinda, lo mfana wayesezakhela isidleke.
Izitha zemvelo zejuba elizulazulayo
Isithombe: Ijuba elizulazula lenyoni
Amajuba, akukhathalekile ukuthi angaphansi kohlobo luni, ahlala enezitha eziningi. Ijuba liyinyoni enkulu, emnandi futhi engazivikelekile.
Phansi nasemiqheleni yezihlahla, zazizingelwa izidalwa ezinobukhulu bonke kanye nezintela ezihlukile:
- i-weasel ehlakaniphile (i-American mink, i-marten, i-weasel enomsila omude;
- i-raccoon gargle;
- i-red lynx;
- impisi nempungushe;
- ibhere elimnyama;
- i-cougar.
Amachwane abanjwa ezidlekeni nangesikhathi sendiza abesengozini enkulu. Izinyoni ezindala zajahwa emoyeni yizinkozi, okhekhwane noKlebe, izikhova zaphuma ebusuku. Kutholakala kumajuba azulazulayo kanye nama-parasites - ngemuva kokufa, kunjalo. Lezi yizinhlobo ezimbalwa zezintwala obekucatshangwa ukuthi zifile nomphathi wazo. Kodwa-ke enye yazo yatholwa kolunye uhlobo lwejuba. Lokhu kuyaduduza kancane.
Isitha esiyingozi kunazo zonke kwakuyindoda okwakudingeka ukuthi izihambeli zinganyamalali kuyo. AmaNdiya kade asebenzisa amajuba ukudla, kepha ngezindlela zawo zakudala zokuzingela, abakwazanga ukulimaza kakhulu. Ngokuqala kokuthuthuka kwehlathi laseMelika ngabaseYurophu, ukuzingela amajuba kwathatha isilinganiso esikhulu. Babulawelwa hhayi nje kuphela ukudla, kepha ngenxa yophaphe nokuzingelwa kwezemidlalo, kokudla kwezingulube, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu - ukuthengiswa. Izindlela eziningi zokuzingela zakhiwa, kepha zonke zabila zenze into eyodwa: "Ungabamba kanjani noma ubulale ngaphezulu."
Isibonelo, amajuba afinyelela ku-3 500 angandizela kumanethiwekhi akhethekile emigudu ngesikhathi. Ngenhloso yokubamba izinyoni ezincane ezihlwabusayo, bacekela phansi izindawo zokwakha izidleke, bagawula futhi bashisa izihlahla. Ngaphezu kwalokho, babhujiswa nje njengezilokazane zezolimo. Ukugawulwa kwamahlathi ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke kubangele ingozi ethile emajuba.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Libukeka kanjani ijuba elizulazulayo
Isimo sezinhlobo asisekho. Ijuba elizulazulayo laliyinyoni eningi kakhulu ezwenikazi laseNyakatho Melika. Inombolo yezinhlobo yayingahlali njalo futhi ihluka kakhulu kuye ngokuvunwa kwembewu nezithelo, izimo zezulu. Ngesikhathi sayo, sifinyelele ku-3 - 5 billion.
Inqubo yokuqothula ikhonjiswa ngokusobala ngomlando weminyaka yokugcina yempilo yezinhlobo:
- Ama-1850s. Ijuba liya ngokuya livame kakhulu emazweni asempumalanga, yize isibalo sabantu sisesezigidini. Ubufakazi bokuzingelwa ngesihluku kwenza isitatimende esingokwesiprofetho sokuthi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka, amajuba ayosala kuphela eminyuziyamu. Ngo-1857. ibhili yokuvikela izinyoni ehlongozwayo e-Ohio, kodwa yenqatshwa;
- Ama-1870s. Ukwehla okubonakalayo kwezinombolo. Izindawo ezinkulu zokwakha izidleke zahlala eGreat Lakes kuphela. Abalondolozi bemvelo babhikishela imidlalo yokudubula;
- Ngo-1878 indawo enkulu yokugcina izidleke eduze kwasePetoskey (eMichigan) ibhujiswa ngokuhlelekile izinyanga ezinhlanu: izinyoni ezingama-50 000 nsuku zonke. Ukwethulwa kwemikhankaso yokuvikela umhambuma;
- Ama-1880s. Izidleke zahlakazeka. Izinyoni zishiya izidleke zazo uma kunengozi;
- Ngo-1897 kwadlula izikweletu zokuzingela eMichigan nasePennsylvania;
- Ama-1890s. Eminyakeni yokuqala yeshumi leminyaka, imihlambi emincane iyabonwa ezindaweni ezithile. Ukubulawa kwabantu kuyaqhubeka. Maphakathi nesikhathi, amajuba cishe ayanyamalala emvelweni. Imibiko eyehlukene yokuhlangana nabo isabonakala ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20;
- Ngo-1910 eCincinnati Zoo, ilungu lokugcina lohlobo, uMartha Ijuba, usaphila;
- 1914, Septhemba 1, 1 pm ngesikhathi sendawo. Izinhlobo zamajuba azulazulayo azisekho.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: UMartha unetshe lesikhumbuzo, futhi isiphephelo sakhe sokugcina eCincinnati, esibizwa nge- "Memorial Cabin of the Wandering Pigeon", sinesimo sesikhumbuzo somlando e-United States. Kukhona isithombe sakhe sempilo nguCharles Knight. Kunikelwa kuye izithombe, izincwadi, izingoma nezinkondlo, kuhlanganisa nalezo ezibhalwe eminyakeni eyikhulu adlula emhlabeni.
Ku-International Red Book kanye ne-IUCN Red Lists of Threatened Species, i-pilgrim pigeon ibhekwa njengenhlobo engasekho. Kuzo zonke izinyathelo zokuphepha ezingenhla, impendulo eyodwa ngu-Cha. Ngabe lokhu kusho ukuthi uqediwe unomphela? Ukwenza ikholomu usebenzisa i-genome ezilwaneni ezifakiwe nakwezinye izinsalela eziphilayo kulokhu akunakwenzeka ngenxa yokubhujiswa kwama-chromosomes ngesikhathi sokugcinwa. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, isazi sezakhi zofuzo saseMelika uGeorge Church siphakamise umbono omusha: wokwakha kabusha ufuzo olusuka ezingcezwini bese ulufaka kumaseli ocansi ama-sisars. Ukuze bazale futhi banakekele i- "phoenix" esanda kuzalwa. Kepha konke lokhu kusesigabeni sethiyori.
Ijuba lomgibeli njalo ekhonjwe njengesibonelo sesimo sobuqaba sendoda ngakubo. Kodwa izizathu zokuqothulwa kohlobo oluthile zivame ukuvela kuzici zesayensi yezinto eziphilayo. Ekuthunjweni, abazulazuli babonisa ukuzala okuncane, ubungqabavu bezinkukhu abampofu, kanye nokungeneka ezifweni. Uma lokhu kwakuyisici samajuba asendle, kuyacaca ukuthi isibalo esimangalisayo kuphela esabasindisa. Ukucekelwa phansi okukhulu kungadala ukwehla kwamanani angaphansi kwezinga elibucayi, ngemuva kwalokho inqubo yokuqothulwa kwezinto yahlehliseka.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 30.07.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 07/30/2019 ngo-23: 38
