Kamenka - inyoni encane, kodwa enamandla futhi enelukuluku lokwazi. Usemoyeni ngaso sonke isikhathi, wenza ubujamo obuyinkimbinkimbi futhi angahamba nabantu amahora. Akathathi ukukhuthazela - minyaka yonke uya ezindaweni eziseningizimu ebusika, endiza amabanga amade. Entwasahlobo, ibuyela ngasenyakatho ngendlela efanayo, futhi izitofu zingahlala eGreenland.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Kamenka
Izinyoni ezindala kakhulu zavela cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-160 BC, okhokho babo babengama-archosaurs - izilwane ezihuquzelayo ezazilawula iplanethi yethu ngaleso sikhathi. Akuzange kutholakale ngokuthembekile ukuthi yimaphi ama-archosaurs angakwazi ukundiza abangela ukundiza, bese kuthi ezinyonini, kungaba ngamanga-amaSuchi, ama-cododon noma ezinye izinhlobo, futhi mhlawumbe nezinhlobonhlobo ezahlukahlukene.
Kuze kube manje, kuncane kakhulu okutholakele ukulandelela ukuvela kokuqala kwezinyoni. "Inyoni yokuqala" nayo ayikhonjwa. Phambilini, bekuthathwa njenge-Archeopteryx, kepha manje sekuvame kakhulu ukukholelwa ukuthi ifomu lakamuva, futhi kufanele ngabe kunezinhlobo eziseduze nama-archosaurs angenazindiza.
Ividiyo: Kamenka
Izilwane zasendulo zazihluke kakhulu kunalezi zesimanje: ngaphezu kwezigidi zeminyaka zashintsha, ukuhlukahluka kwezinhlobo kwakhula, uhlaka lwamathambo lwawo nemisipha yakhiwa kabusha. Izinhlobo zanamuhla zaqala ukuvela eminyakeni eyizigidi ezingama-40-60 edlule - ngemuva kokuqothulwa kweCretaceous-Paleogene. Ngemuva kwalokho izinyoni zaqala ukubusa phezulu emoyeni, yingakho kwenzeke ushintsho lwazo olunzulu kanye nobukhazikhazi. Abaphaseli, okukhona kubo isitofu, bavele ngasikhathi sinye. Phambilini, lo myalo wawubhekwa njengowusemncane kakhulu, ngoba ukutholwa kwezinsalela zasendulo kwakuse-Oligocene - kwakungekho ngaphezu kweminyaka eyizigidi ezingama-20-30.
Kodwa-ke, eminyakeni yamuva nje, izinsalela ezindala zabantu abadlulayo zitholakale emazwekazini ezwekazini eliseningizimu. Lokhu kuholele izazi ze-paleoanthologists esiphethweni sokuthi zivuke kusenesikhathi, ngemuva nje kokuqothulwa kweCretaceous-Paleogene, kepha azange zindizele emazwenikazi asenyakatho yezwe isikhathi eside, futhi ngenxa yokufuduka kwazo, iningi labangewona abadlulayo lalahlekelwa imiculo yalo ejwayelekile yemvelo.
Uhlobo loKamenka (Oenanthe) luchazwe ngokwesayensi ngo-1816 nguL. Veljo. Isitofu esivamile sichazwe ngisho nangaphambi kwalokho - ngo-1758 nguK. Linnaeus, igama laso ngesiLatini lithi Oenanthe oenanthe.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Inyoni Kamenka
Le yinyoni encane, ubude bayo bungamasentimitha ayi-15, kanti isisindo sayo cishe siyi-25 gram. Amaphiko akhe nawo anesizotha - amasentimitha angama-30. Imilenze yesitofu mncane, imnyama, kanti imilenze mide. Ezimpapheni ezizalanayo, isihloko sowesilisa sipendwe ngamathoni ampunga, isifuba siyi-ocher, isisu simhlophe, namaphiko amnyama.
Ngenxa yemivimbo emnyama ebusweni bale nyoni, kuba sengathi ifake isifihla-buso. Izinsikazi zinombala ofanayo, kodwa zibukeka zincane, umzimba wazo ongaphezulu unombala onsundu ngokumpunga, izimpiko zazo nazo zisondele kakhudlwana kunsundu kunokumnyama, futhi imaski ebusweni ayibonakali kangako. Abanye besifazane banemibala egqamile, cishe njengabesilisa, kepha iningi labo ligqame ngokusobala.
Ekwindla, izinyoni ziphinda zibe mpunga futhi, futhi abesifazane nabesilisa bacishe bayeka ukwehluka komunye nomunye - kuze kufike intwasahlobo elandelayo. Kulula ukubona isitofu endizeni: kubonakala ngokusobala ukuthi umsila waso umhlophe kakhulu, kepha ekugcineni unephethini emnyama emise okwe-T. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukundiza kwayo kugqamile - inyoni indiza ngomzila oyinkimbinkimbi, njengokungathi iyadansa esibhakabhakeni.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ngesikhathi sokukhwelana, ungezwa ukucula okuhle kwamasondo - ziyakhala futhi zishaye ikhwela, futhi kwesinye isikhathi zilingise ezinye izinyoni. Ukucula kuzwakala kakhulu futhi kuzwakala inyoni encane kangako, ayikho imisindo yokuhoshozela noma emibi kuyo. Bathanda ikakhulukazi ukucula lapho bebaleka, noma behleli endaweni ethile ephakeme - ngokwesibonelo, phezulu kwedwala.
Manje uyazi ukuthi inyoni ekolweni ibukeka kanjani. Ake sibone ukuthi uhlala kuphi nokuthi udlani.
Ihlala kuphi i-heater?
Isithombe: I-heater ejwayelekile
Indawo yokuhlala isondo libanzi, ngaphandle kwalokho, liyandiza ebusika, ngakho-ke kungenzeka ukuhlukanisa zombili izindawo lapho lakha khona izidleke nalezo lapho lifukamela khona ubusika.
Ama-heater nest:
- eYurophu;
- eSiberia;
- enyakatho yeCanada;
- e-Alaska;
- eKamchatka;
- eGreenland.
Ebusika bandizela eningizimu - lokhu kungaba yiNyakatho Afrika, i-Iran noma iNhlonhlo yase-Arabia. Isakhamuzi ngasinye sihamba ngomzila waso, futhi kungalesi sizathu lapho ukolweni ohlala eNyakatho Canada nase-Alaska ehlukaniswe, yize esondelene ngokwendawo.
Ama-heater aseCanada aqala ngokuya empumalanga afike eYurophu. Ngemuva kokuphumula lapho, benza uhambo lwesibili - e-Afrika. Kodwa izitofu ezisuka e-Alaska kunalokho zindiza ziye e-Asia futhi, ngokudlula eMpumalanga Siberia nase-Asia Ephakathi, nazo zigcina se-Afrika.
Indlela yabo iba yinde kakhulu, bahlanganisa amakhilomitha ayizinkulungwane eziningi. Kepha lokhu kufakazela ukuthi lezi zinyoni zeza eNyakatho Melika ngezindlela ezihlukile - mhlawumbe, abantu abahlala e-Alaska basuka e-Asia noma e-Europe, bafudukela empumalanga, kanti abantu abahlala eCanada bandiza besuka eYurophu baya entshonalanga.
Ama-heater aseYurophu naseSiberia andizela ebusika eSaudi Arabia nase-Iran - umzila wabo awumude kangako, kepha futhi bahlanganisa amabanga amade. Izindiza zasebusika zidinga ukukhuthazela okuningi, ikakhulukazi ezindizeni ezinqamula ulwandle, futhi lezi zinyoni ezincane zinakho ngokugcwele. Bakhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezivulekile: abathandi amahlathi futhi abahlali kuwo - badinga ukundiza njalo, ngakho-ke izindawo ezivame kakhulu ngezihlahla azithandeki. Zivame ukwakha izidleke emadwaleni aseduze kwezimfunda, lapho zizitholela khona ukudla. Bathanda ukuhlala ezintabeni naphakathi kwamagquma.
Kungakho baqanjwa ngokuthi `` Kamenki '' ngoba imvamisa lezi zinyoni zitholakala phakathi kwamatshe. Kubaluleke kakhulu futhi kubo ukuthi bahlale eduze nedamu - kungaba yichibi, ichibi, umfula, noma okungenani umfudlana - kepha kubalulekile ukuthi ufike ngokushesha kuwo. Futhi bahlala ezindaweni ezingamadamu, emaweni omfula, emagqumeni obumba, emadlelweni nasezinkwalini. Bangakwazi futhi ukusondelana nabantu, kepha ngasikhathi sinye bathanda ukuhlala bodwa, ngakho-ke bakhetha izindawo zokwakha ezilahliwe, izindawo zamabhizinisi ezimboni, izindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezinkulu nokunye okunjalo - lezo zindawo lapho abantu bengandile khona.
Ungahlangana nesitofu kulo lonke elaseYurophu, kusukela ogwini lwaseMedithera kuye eScandinavia - yilaba kuphela abameleli bomndeni we-flycatcher abazizwa kahle esimweni sezulu saseNyakatho Yurophu, naseGreenland. E-Asia, bahlala engxenyeni eseningizimu yeSiberia neMongolia, kanye nezindawo eziseduze neChina.
Yini edla isifudumezi?
Isithombe: Kamenka eRussia
Ngokuyinhloko babamba badle:
- izimpukane;
- amacimbi;
- iminenke;
- izintethe;
- izicabucabu;
- IZhukov;
- izindlebe;
- izibungu;
- omiyane;
- nezinye izilwane ezincane.
Le yimenyu yabo entwasahlobo nasehlobo, nasekwindla, lapho amajikijolo evuthwa, ama-heater awathokozela ngenjabulo. Bathanda kakhulu amajikijolo namajikijolo, umlotha wasentabeni, bangadla amanye amajikijolo amancane. Uma isimo sezulu sinetha, futhi ekuqaleni kwekwindla kunokudla okuncane, badla imbewu. Izitofu zingabamba inyamazane emoyeni, ngokwesibonelo, amabhungane ezindizayo nezimvemvane, kepha kaningi zikwenza phansi. Babheka izinambuzane nezinye izidalwa eziphilayo ezindaweni lapho utshani bungajwayelekile, bangazicosha ngezidladla zabo noma badabule phansi befuna izikelemu namabhungane.
Isitofu sizingela ngokungakhathali - ngokuvamile sinamandla amaningi, futhi sihlala sindiza. Ngisho noma ehlala phansi ukuze aphumule esihlahleni noma etsheni elikhulu, uhlala eqaphe isimo futhi, uma inyamazane ebukeka ilula indiza idlule, noma uma ibona intethe otshanini obuseduze nayo, igijimela emuva inyamazane.
Ingayibamba ngezidladla zayo noma ngokushesha ngomlomo wayo, kuye ngesimo. Kwesinye isikhathi ilenga ngqo emoyeni imizuzwana embalwa bese ihlolisisa indawo ezungezile, ifuna umuntu ohamba otshanini noma emhlabathini. Lapho nje ebona isisulu, uyashesha kuye. Ngosayizi wayo, isondo liyinyoni enesibindi kakhulu, ngoba iyabheda futhi ayinakho ukuthula - indiza njalo, ichitha amandla amaningi, ngakho-ke idinga ukondliwa kaningi. Ngakho-ke, uchitha isikhathi sonke sosuku efuna inyamazane - noma ngabe kubonakala sengathi undiza nje futhi ubanda emoyeni.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Inyoni Kamenka
I-Kamenka iyinyoni enamandla kakhulu; ingaba semoyeni sonke isikhathi noma igxume phansi. Kulungile - akakwazi ukuhamba ebusweni, ngakho-ke weqa esuka endaweni eya kwenye, okulungele kakhulu isimo sakhe esimatasa. Iyasebenza emini, iphumula ebusuku.
Ekuqaleni, i-heater ingacatshangelwa ukuthi iyinyoni enobungane ngenxa yokuthokoza kwayo nama-pirouettes ewenza emoyeni. Kepha lokhu akunjalo neze; kunolaka impela futhi kuvame ukubambana ngezihluthu nezinye izinyoni ezinosayizi ofanayo. Esikhathini esiningi lokhu kwenzeka ngenxa yokuthi izinyoni azikwazi ukuhlukanisa isisulu.
Ama-heater amabili ahileleka empini kalula, angasebenzisa uqhwaku nemilenze yawo, bese enza izilonda ezibuhlungu komunye nomunye. Kepha ezinye izinyoni, lapho i-heater ingahlasela, imvamisa azinaso isici sokulwa esifanayo futhi zivame kakhulu ukukhetha ukundiza zihambe - futhi zingazijaha isikhashana. Isondo lihlala lodwa futhi uma kukhona enye inyoni eduze, lokhu kungadala ukungajabuli kwalo. Lapho ecasukile futhi ecasukile, uvame ukuqala ukutshekisa ikhanda lakhe futhi anikine umsila, angamemeza ngezikhathi ezithile.
Uma izixwayiso zakhe zinganakwa, angahlasela ukuze axoshe "umhlaseli" omvimbele ukuthi ajabulele isizungu. Wenza lokhu kuwo wonke umuntu ongene endizeni ayithatha njengeyakhe - futhi lokhu kungaba isikhala esikhulu, imvamisa iba ngamakhilomitha ama-4-5 ububanzi.
I-Kamenka iyinyoni eqaphelayo neqaphelayo, ngakho-ke imvamisa ayinyonyobeli kuyo inganakiwe - ithanda ukuzikhethela izindawo eziphakemeyo, lapho kubonakala khona kahle okwenzekayo nxazonke, nokubheka isimo. Uma uqaphela inyamazane, khona-ke uphuthuma kuyo, futhi uma umhlaseli, ejahe ukufihla kuyo.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Umnikazi werekhodi webanga lendiza yasebusika - i-heater ingafinyelela kumakhilomitha ayi-14,000, futhi ngesikhathi sendiza iba nesivinini esikhulu - 40-50 km / h.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Kamenka ngokwemvelo
IKamenki ihlala yodwa, ngayinye inendawo yayo futhi ayivumeli izihlobo noma ezinye izinyoni ezincane zingene kuyo. Uma inyoni enkulu edla inyama ihlala eduze, kufanele ishiye ikhaya layo ifune enye. Ama-heater ngokuvamile awayithandi kakhulu inkampani futhi akhetha ukuhlala ezindaweni ezithulile.
Ndawonye ziyahlangana kuphela ngenkathi yokukhwelana. Kuza ngemuva kokufika kwezitofu ezivela ebusika. Ekuqaleni, kufika abesilisa kuphela - ezifundeni eziseningizimu kakhulu lokhu kwenzeka ekuqaleni kuka-Ephreli, enyakatho - ngasekupheleni kwenyanga noma ngoMeyi. Kuthatha amaviki ambalwa ukuthi izinyoni ziqalaze zithole indawo yokwakha isidleke, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu - ukuthola umbhangqwana. Ngalesi sikhathi, abesilisa benza ikakhulukazi izinyathelo ze-virtuoso emoyeni futhi bacule kakhulu, bezama ukuheha abesifazane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesilisa banesithembu, futhi noma sebenze umbhangqwana, bangazama ukuheha omunye wesifazane.
Kwesinye isikhathi lokhu kuyaphumelela, futhi ababili bahlala esidlekeni esisodwa ngasikhathi sinye, yize kuvame ukwakhiwa izidleke ezahlukahlukene. Izinyoni zisondela ekwakhiweni kwazo kahle, zibheka indawo enhle kakhulu isikhathi eside, khetha okokusebenza bese zikuhudula ngokucophelela - ngakho-ke, zidinga ukuqoqa izinwele eziningi noboya. Kubalulekile ukuthi isidleke sisezindaweni okunzima ukufinyelela kuzo futhi ezingabonakali. Izitofu zingamakhosi wangempela wokuzifihla, izidleke zazo ngokuvamile kunzima ukuzibona ngisho nasendaweni eseduze, uma usesha ngqo - futhi cishe akunakwenzeka ukuzithola ngengozi.
Izidleke zitholakala ezindaweni zokudonsela phansi: lezi zingaba imifantu phakathi kwamatshe noma ezindongeni, noma imisele ebashiyiwe. Uma kungatholakali lutho lwalolu hlobo, izitofu nazo zingazimbela umgodi ngokwazo - futhi zijule impela. Isidleke uqobo lwaso siqukethe utshani obomile, izimpande, uboya, ubulembu nezinye izinto ezifanayo. Insikazi izalela amaqanda ayi-4-8 ombala oluhlaza okotshani, kwesinye isikhathi anezinhlayiya ezinsundu. Izinkathazo ezinkulu ziwela kusabelo sakhe: ubandakanyeka ekufukameleni amaqanda, futhi ngasikhathi sinye kufanele anakekele ukudla kwakhe. Ngesikhathi esifanayo, uzama ukushiya ukwakhiwa kwamatshe ngokungavamile ngangokunokwenzeka, ngaphandle kwalokho kunengozi yokuthi izokonakala.
Uma umhlaseli othile ehlasela isidleke, uvame ukusivikela kuze kube sekugcineni, noma singenalo ithuba lokulwa naso, naso uqobo siphenduke isisulu. Kepha uma konke kuhamba kahle, emva kwamasonto amabili wokufukamela, amaphuphu ayaqandusela. Ekuqaleni abasizi, futhi bangacela kuphela ukudla. Bobabili abazali bayabondla, lokhu kuthatha cishe amasonto amabili - imvamisa bahudulwa yizimpukane nomiyane. Ngemuva kwalokho amaphuphu kufanele azitholele ukudla ngokwawo, kepha ahlala nabazali bawo kuze kube sekuseni ebusika.
Yize izifudumezi ezihlala endaweni efudumele, eMedithera, zikwazi ukubeka kabili phakathi nenkathi efudumele, bese kuthi inzalo yazo yokuqala iqale ukuhlala ngokuhlukana ekuqaleni. Ngemuva kobusika bokuqala, bebuyela ezindaweni zokwakha izidleke, amasondo amancane asevele esakha isidleke sawo. Baphila ngokwesilinganiso seminyaka engu-6-8.
Izitha zemvelo zesifudumezi
Isithombe: Inyoni Kamenka
Njengezinye izinyoni ezincane, isitofu sinezitha eziningi emvelweni. Abantu abadala basongelwa ngokuyinhloko ngezinye izinyoni ezidla ezinye nezinkulu. Isibonelo, oklebe, oklebe, izinkozi namakhayithi angabazingela. Lezi zidliwayo ziyakwazi ukwenza isivinini esikhulu futhi zinezitho zomqondo ezithuthuke kahle, ngakho-ke kunzima kakhulu isitofu ukucasha kuzo.
Ngokushesha nje lapho bebona isilwane esithile esikhulu, ngokushesha bazama ukundiza, benethemba lokuthi ngeke asilandele. Impilo eyedwa, ngakolunye uhlangothi, idlala indima enhle - izilwane ezidla ezinye zivame ukuzama ukuzingela lapho izinyoni ezincane zindiza khona njengemihlambi, ngakho-ke kulula ukubamba umuntu. Kepha ngakolunye uhlangothi, uma umhlaseli eselinakile isondo, khona-ke amathuba alo okushiya mancane - ngoba imvamisa azikho ezinye izinyoni endaweni, futhi konke ukunaka kwakhe kuzogxila enyameni eyodwa. Ingozi ilindele izitofu ezisemoyeni, kuthi lapho ziphumula, zihlale edwaleni noma egatsheni.
Izinyoni ezincane zingabhubhisa izidleke zama-Wheatears - isibonelo, amagwababa, ama-jays kanye nezibungu zithwala amaphuphu futhi zidle amaqanda. Noma ubathola endaweni yesehlakalo, kunzima ukuthi i-heater imelane nayo, ngoba incane kakhulu ngosayizi namandla. Amagwababa ashiseka ngokukhethekile: awahlali esonakalisa izidleke zezinye izinyoni ngokudla.
Okwezinkukhu namaqanda, izinsongo ngokuvamile zikhulu kakhulu kunezinyoni ezindala: nazo zingamagundane nezinkukhu. Isibonelo, izingwejeje nama-martens bangabhubhisa izidleke zama-heater. Izinyoka, njengenyoka noma imbala, nazo azikuphikisi ukudla amaqanda, noma ngisho namachwane we-heater.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Kamenka eRossiisever
Ngaphandle kwezinsongo ezibalulwe ngaphambili, amasondo azala futhi aphile kahle, ngakho-ke inani labantu lihlala liphezulu. Vele, azinakuqhathaniswa nezinyoni ezivame kakhulu, uma nje kungenxa yokuthi azihlali emihlambini, futhi ngayinye inendawo yayo - futhi cishe njalo kunezinyoni ezimbalwa zomhlaba.
Noma kunjalo, isifudumezi esivamile singenye yezinhlobo ezingakhathazi kangako. Okufanayo kusebenza nakwamanye amalungu amaningi ohlobo, isibonelo, umsila omhlophe, i-black-piebald, ugwadule, njalonjalo. Indawo yabo yokusabalalisa izinzile, kanye nabantu, futhi kuze kube manje akukho okubasabisayo. Ukulinganiswa okuqondile kwesibalo sabantu akwenziwa, imininingwane kuphela eyaziwa kwamanye amazwe, ikakhulukazi eYurophu. Isibonelo, e-Italy kukhona cishe amasondo ayizinkulungwane ezingama-200-350. Iqiniso ngukuthi iYurophu iyinto ehlukile - inani lalezi zinyoni ezikulo liye lehla ngokuphawulekayo muva nje.
Lokhu kungenxa yokuthi izikhala zenziwe kahle ngumuntu, futhi kunesikhala esincane nesincane se-heater. Imvamisa kufanele ihlale eduze kwezindawo zokuhlala abantu.
Iqiniso elithandekayo: Abantu besitofu imvamisa ababesabi abantu - baziwa ngokulandela izihambi kaningi. Isifudumezi singandiza amashumi amakhilomitha ngemuva komuntu futhi simjabulise ngaso sonke isikhathi emgwaqeni, senze imibuthano nokwenza izibalo ezahlukahlukene emoyeni.
Lezi zinyoni ezincane futhi ezibonakala zingenabungozi, kepha ezinesibindi ziyingxenye ebalulekile yemvelo yase-Eurasia naseNyakatho Melika. Kamenka kuyaqabukela kulimaze, ngaphandle kokuthi ikwazi ukubhoboza amajikijolo athile engadini, kepha imvamisa ihlala kude nezwe elitshaliwe bese idla izinambuzane ezahlukahlukene. Okuphawuleka ngokukhuthazela okuboniswe ngesikhathi sezindiza zasebusika.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 17.07.2019
Idethi yokubuyekeza: 09/25/2019 ngo-21: 01
