Coelacanth - ummeleli kuphela osindile we-oda lasendulo le-coelacanthus. Ngakho-ke, ihlukile - izici zayo zemvelo azisakhonjwa, futhi ukutadisha kwayo kuveza izimfihlakalo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo, ngoba kufana kakhulu nokhokho ababehamba olwandle loMhlaba ezikhathini zasendulo - ngisho nangaphambi kokufika ezweni.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Latimeria
ICoelacanths yavela eminyakeni engaba yizigidi ezingama-400 eyedlule futhi uma nje lo myalo wawumningi, kepha kuze kube namuhla, munye kuphela uhlobo lohlobo lwayo osindile, kufaka phakathi izinhlobo ezimbili. Ngakho-ke, ama-coelacanths athathwa njenge-relic fish - ifosili ephilayo.
Phambilini ososayensi babekholelwa ukuthi kule minyaka edlule, ama-coelacanths awakaze enze ushintsho, futhi siwabona efana nsezikhathini zasendulo. Kepha ngemuva kocwaningo lofuzo, kwatholakala ukuthi ziguquka ngezinga elijwayelekile - futhi kwavela nokuthi zisondele kakhulu kuma-tetrapod kunokudoba.
AmaCoelacanths (ngendlela efanayo, ama-coelacanths, yize ososayensi bebiza eyodwa kuphela yalezi zinhlobo zalezinhlanzi ngaleyo ndlela) anomlando omude kakhulu futhi aletha izinhlobo eziningi ezahlukahlukene kakhulu: ubukhulu bezinhlanzi zalolu oda besukela kumasentimitha ayi-10 kuye kwangama-200, babenemizimba yezimo ezahlukahlukene - kusuka ebanzi kufana ne-eel, amaphiko ayehluka kakhulu futhi enezinye izici zesici.
Ividiyo: iLatimeria
Ukusuka kokuzithokozisa, bakha ithubhu lokunwebeka, elihluke kakhulu kunelezinye izinhlanzi, ukwakheka kogebhezi nakho kucacile - azisekho izilwane ezinesimo esifanayo esigcinwe eMhlabeni. Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kuthathe ama-coelacanths kude kakhulu - yingakho, noma elahlekelwe yisimo sezinhlanzi esingashintshiwe yizikhathi, ama-coelacanths agcina inani elikhulu lesayensi.
Inani eliphakeme lokusabalala kwama-coelacanths kwiplanethi yethu kukholakala ukuthi lenze ngezikhathi ze-Triassic ne-Jurassic. Inombolo enkulu kakhulu yokutholwa kwemivubukulo iwela kubo. Ngokushesha ngemuva kokufinyelela kuleli qophelo, iningi lama-coelacanths laqothuka - noma kunjalo, akukho okunye okutholakele kamuva.
Kwakukholelwa ukuthi zashabalala kudala ngaphambi kwama-dinosaurs. Okumangalisa kakhulu ososayensi ukutholakala: zisatholakala emhlabeni! Kwenzeka ngo-1938, kwathi ngonyaka kamuva uhlobo lweLatimeria chalumnae lwathola incazelo yesayensi, lwenziwa nguD. Smith.
Baqala ukutadisha ngenkuthalo ama-coelacanths, bathola ukuthi bahlala eduze kwaseComoros, kepha noma kunjalo iminyaka engama-60 babengasoli ukuthi uhlobo lwesibili, iLatimeria menadoensis, luhlala engxenyeni ehluke ngokuphelele yomhlaba, olwandle lwase-Indonesia. Incazelo yalo yenziwa ngonyaka we-1999 yiqembu lososayensi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi zeCoelacanth
Izinhlobo zeComorian zinombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, emzimbeni kunezindawo eziningi ezinkulu ezikhanyayo ezimpunga. Kungenxa yazo ukuthi zihlukanisiwe - inhlanzi ngayinye inephethini yayo. Lezi zindawo zifana nezingubo ezihlala emihumeni efanayo nama-coelacanth uqobo. Ngakho-ke imibala ivumela ukuba zifihle. Ngemuva kokufa, ziba nsundu, kanti ezinhlotsheni zase-Indonesia lo ngumbala ojwayelekile.
Abesifazane bakhulu kunabesilisa, bangakhula bafike ku-180-190 cm, kanti abesilisa - kufika ku-140-150. Zinesisindo esingama-50-85 kilograms. Yizinhlanzi ezizelwe kuphela esezivele zikhulu impela, cishe ngama-40 cm - lokhu akuvumeli intshisekelo yezilwane eziningi ezizingelayo, ngisho nokuthosa.
Amathambo e-coelacanth afana kakhulu nokhokho bawo bezinsalela. Amaphiko e-Lobe ayaphawuleka - kukhona okungenani ayisishiyagalombili awo, abhanqiwe anebhande lamathambo, kusuka efanayo endulo, ihlombe namabhande okhalweni akhiqizwa emgogodleni ngemuva kokuya emhlabeni. Ukuvela kwesaziso kuma-coelacanths kwaqhubeka ngendlela yaso - esikhundleni se-vertebrae, babenobhubhu onamandla kakhulu, lapho kukhona uketshezi ngaphansi kwengcindezi ephezulu.
Ukwakheka kogebhezi nakho kuhlukile: ilunga langaphakathi lihlukanisa izingxenye ezimbili, ngenxa yalokho, i-coelacanth inganciphisa umhlathi ongezansi iphinde inyuse engenhla - ngenxa yalokhu, ukuvula umlomo kukhulu futhi ukusebenza kahle kokudonsa kuphezulu.
Ingqondo ye-coelacanth incane kakhulu: inesisindo esingu-gram ambalwa kuphela, futhi ithatha iphesenti elilodwa nohhafu logebhezi lwenhlanzi. Kepha banesakhiwo esithuthukile se-epiphyseal, ngenxa yokuthi banesithombe esihle se-photoreception. Amehlo amakhulu akhanyayo nawo afaka isandla kulokhu - aguqulelwe kahle empilweni yobumnyama.
Futhi, i-coelacanth inezinye izinto eziningi ezihlukile - iyinhlanzi ethakazelisa kakhulu ukutadisha, lapho abacwaningi bethola khona izici ezintsha ezingakhanyisa ezinye zezimfihlo zokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ngempela, ezicini eziningi icishe ifane nenhlanzi endala kunazo zonke kusukela ezikhathini lapho kwakungekho mpilo ehleleke kahle nhlobo emhlabeni.
Besebenzisa isibonelo sakhe, ososayensi bayabona ukuthi izinto zasendulo zazisebenza kanjani, okusebenza kangcono kakhulu kunokutadisha amathambo ezinsalela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izitho zabo zangaphakathi azigcinwanga nhlobo, futhi ngaphambi kokutholakala kwe-coelacanth, umuntu kwakufanele aqagele ukuthi zingahlelwa kanjani.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Ukhakhayi lwe-coelacanth lunomgodi we-gelatinous, ngenxa yalo olukwazi ukubamba nokushintshashintsha okuncane emkhakheni kagesi. Ngakho-ke, akadingi ukukhanya ukuze ezwe ukuthi isisulu sikuphi ngqo.
Uhlala kuphi coelacanth?
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi zeCoelacanth
Kunezindawo ezintathu eziyinhloko zendawo yazo:
- i-Mozambique Strait, kanye nendawo kancane ngasenyakatho;
- ngasogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika;
- eceleni kwetheku laseKenya iMalindi;
- Ulwandle iSulawesi.
Mhlawumbe akusikho ukuphela kwalokhu, futhi usahlala ezingxenyeni ezikude zomhlaba, ngoba indawo yokugcina yendawo yakhe itholwe muva nje - ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1990. Ngasikhathi sinye, ikude kakhulu nezimbili zokuqala - ngakho-ke akukho lutho oluvimbela olunye uhlobo lwecoelacanth ukuthi lutholakale ngokujwayelekile kolunye uhlangothi lomhlaba.
Phambilini, cishe eminyakeni engama-80 eyedlule, i-coelacanth yatholwa lapho kuhlangana khona uMfula i-Chalumna (yingakho igama lale nhlobo ngesiLatin) eduze nogu lwaseNingizimu Afrika. Kwacaca ngokushesha ukuthi lesi sibonelo silethwe sisuka kwenye indawo - isifunda seComoros. Kuseduze kwabo ukuthi i-coelacanth ihlala ngaphezu kwakho konke.
Kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwatholakala ukuthi abantu babo basaphila ogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika - bahlala eSodwana Bey. Omunye watholakala ngasogwini lwaseKenya. Ekugcineni, kwatholakala uhlobo lwesibili, luhlala kude kakhulu nolokuqala, kolunye ulwandle - eduze nesiqhingi saseSulawesi, olwandle lwegama elifanayo, ePacific Ocean.
Ubunzima bokutholwa kwama-coelacanth buhlotshaniswa neqiniso lokuthi luhlala ekujuleni, kuyilapho kuphela olwandle olufudumele lwasendaweni eshisayo, ogwini lwawo ngokuvamile olungathuthukiswa kahle. Le nhlanzi izizwa ingcono kakhulu lapho izinga lokushisa lamanzi cishe lingu-14-18 ° C, futhi ezindaweni elihlala kuzo, leli zinga lingamamitha ayi-100 kuye kwangama-350.
Njengoba ukudla kuyindlala ekujuleni okunjalo, i-coelacanth ingakhuphukela phezulu ebusuku ukuze ithole ukudla okulula. Emini, uyatshona futhi noma ayophumula emihumeni engaphansi kwamanzi. Ngakho-ke, bakhetha izindawo lapho kutholakala khona imihume enjalo.
Kungakho bethanda indawo ezungeze iComoros kakhulu - ngenxa yomsebenzi wentaba-mlilo osekunesikhathi eside, kuvela izikhala eziningi ezingaphansi kwamanzi, ezilungele kakhulu ama-coelacanths. Kunesimo esisodwa esibaluleke kakhulu: bahlala kuphela kulezo zindawo lapho amanzi ahlanzekile angena olwandle ngale migede.
Manje uyazi lapho kuhlala khona inhlanzi ye-coelacanth enqamulelwe. Ake sibone ukuthi udlani.
Yini edla i-coelacanth?
Isithombe: I-coelacanth yanamuhla
Yinhlanzi edla ezinye, kodwa ibhukuda kancane. Lokhu kunquma ngaphambili ukudla kwayo - ikakhulukazi kunezidalwa eziphilayo ezingakwazi nokubhukuda zisuke kuzo.
It:
- izinhlanzi ezisezingeni eliphakathi nendawo - i-beryx, i-snapper, amakhadinali, ama-eels;
- i-cuttlefish namanye ama-molluscs;
- ama-anchovies nezinye izinhlanzi ezincane;
- oshaka abancane.
ICoelacanths ifuna ukudla emigedeni efanayo lapho ihlala khona isikhathi esiningi, ibhukuda eduze kwezindonga zayo futhi imunca inyamazane efihlwe ngeze - ukwakheka kogebhezi nemihlathi kuyabavumela ukuba bamunce ukudla ngamandla amakhulu. Uma inganele, futhi inhlanzi izwa indlala, khona-ke ebusuku iyabhukuda futhi ibheke ukudla eduze komhlaba.
Kunganela isisulu esikhulu - amazinyo enzelwe lokhu, noma ngabe amancane. Kukho konke ukuhamba kancane, uma i-coelacanth ibambe isisulu sayo, kuzoba nzima ukuphunyuka - le yinhlanzi enamandla. Kepha ngokuluma nokudwengula inyama, amazinyo akhe awashintshiwe, ngakho-ke kufanele ugwinye isisulu ngokuphelele.
Ngokwemvelo, kuthatha isikhathi eside ukugaya, lapho i-coelacanth ine-valve yokuvuthwa eyenziwe kahle - isitho esithile esivela kuma-oda amaningana ezinhlanzi. Ukugaya kuyinde, kepha kukuvumela ukuthi udle cishe noma yini ngaphandle kwemiphumela emibi.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: I-coelacanth ephilayo ingafundwa kuphela ngaphansi kwamanzi - lapho inyukela phezulu, ukucindezela kokuphefumula kwenzeka ngenxa yamanzi afudumele kakhulu, futhi iyafa noma ngabe ibekwa ngokushesha emanzini apholile ajwayelekile.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: I-Latimeria evela kwiRed Book
I-coelacanth ichitha usuku emhumeni, iyaphumula, kepha ebusuku iyahamba izingela, kuyilapho ingangena ijule kakhulu kukholamu lamanzi, futhi ngokufanayo, ivuke. Abasebenzisi amandla amaningi ekubhukudeni: bazama ukugibela okukhona manje futhi bayakuvumela ukuthi kuzithwale, kanti amaphiko abo asetha inkomba futhi agobe izithiyo.
Yize i-coelacanth iyinhlanzi edangele, ukwakheka kwamaphiko ayo kuyinto ethakazelisa kakhulu ukuyifunda, bayayivumela ukuthi ibhukude ngendlela engajwayelekile. Okokuqala, idinga ukusheshisa, lapho ishaya khona amanzi ngamaphiko ayo abhanqiwe ngenkani, bese ibamba phezulu emanzini kunokubhukuda kuwo - umehluko kwezinye izinhlanzi eziningi lapho kuhamba kuhamba.
Isiphetho sokuqala sasemuva sisebenza njengohlobo lwoseyili, kanti umphetho womsila awunyakazi isikhathi esiningi, kepha uma inhlanzi isengozini, ingenza udwi olubukhali ngosizo lwayo. Uma edinga ukujika, ucindezela omunye umphetho wepectoral emzimbeni, bese eqondisa enye. Kunomusa omncane ekuhambeni kwe-coelacanth, kepha kuyonga kakhulu ekusebenziseni amandla ayo.
Lokhu ngokuvamile kuyinto esemqoka emvelweni we-coelacanth: kunalokho kuyavilapha futhi kuyantuleka ezinhlelweni, ikakhulukazi hhayi ngonya, futhi yonke imizamo yomzimba wale nhlanzi ihloselwe ukonga izinsiza. Futhi lokhu kuziphendukela kwemvelo kuye kwaba nenqubekela phambili ebonakalayo!
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Latimeria
Emini, ama-coelacanth ahlangana emihumeni ngamaqembu, kepha ngasikhathi sinye akukho ndlela eyodwa yokuziphatha: njengoba abacwaningi bathola, abanye abantu bahlala bebuthana ndawonye emihumeni efanayo, kanti abanye babhukuda baye kokuhlukile isikhathi ngasinye, ngaleyo ndlela bashintshe iqembu. Yini ebangele lokhu ayikakasungulwa.
AmaCoelacanths angama-ovoviviparous, imibungu ngisho nangaphambi kokuzalwa inamazinyo nohlelo lokugaya oluthuthukisiwe - abacwaningi bakholelwa ukuthi badla amaqanda amaningi. Le micabango iphakanyiswa ngabesifazane abaningi abakhulelwe ababanjiwe: kulabo abakhulelwe kwakusezigabeni zokuqala, kwatholakala amaqanda angama-50-70, futhi kulawo mibungu yayiseduze nokuzalwa, ayengaphansi kakhulu kwawo - kusuka ku-5 kuye ku-30.
Futhi, imibungu idla ngokumunca ubisi lwe-intrauterine. Uhlelo lokuzala lwezinhlanzi luvame ukukhula kahle, luvumela ukuthi kuzalwe kakade futhi kukhulu okuthosiwe, okwazi ukuzimela ngokushesha. Ukukhulelwa kuthatha isikhathi esingaphezu konyaka.
Futhi ukuthomba kwenzeka eneminyaka engama-20, ngemuva kwalokho ukuzala kwenzeka kanye njalo eminyakeni engu-3-4. Umanyolo ungaphakathi, yize imininingwane isaziwa ososayensi. Akukaze futhi kusungulwe lapho kuhlala khona ama-coelacanth amancane - awahlali emihumeni nabadala, sonke isikhathi socwaningo, kutholakale ababili kuphela, futhi bavele babhukuda olwandle.
Izitha zemvelo zecoelacanth
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi zeCoelacanth
I-coelacanth yabantu abadala iyinhlanzi enkulu futhi, yize ihamba kancane, iyakwazi ukuzivikela. Ezingomakhelwane bezilwandle, oshaka abakhulu kuphela abangabhekana nazo ngaphandle kwezinkinga. Ngakho-ke, ama-coelacanths kuphela abesabayo - phela, oshaka badla cishe yonke into ebamba iso kuphela.
Ngisho nokunambitheka okuthile kwenyama ye-coelacanth, enephunga elibi njengokubolile, akubakhathazi nakancane - angithi, abaphikisi ukudla isidumbu sangempela. Kepha lokhu kunambitha ngandlela thile kube nomthelela ekulondolozweni kwama-coelacanths - abantu abahlala eduze nezindawo zabo zokuhlala, ngokungafani nososayensi, babazi ngazo isikhathi eside, kepha cishe abazidlanga.
Kodwa kwesinye isikhathi babesadla, ngoba babekholelwa ukuthi inyama ye-coelacanth iyasebenza ekulweni nomalaleveva. Kunoma ikuphi, ukubamba kwabo kwakungasebenzi, ngakho-ke inani labantu laligcinwa cishe ezingeni elifanayo. Bahlupheka kabi ngesikhathi kwakhiwa imakethe yangempela emnyama, lapho babethengisa khona uketshezi oluvela kumgudu wabo ongajwayelekile.
Iqiniso elithakazelisayo: Okhokho be-coelacanth babenamaphaphu agcwele, futhi imibungu yabo isenawo - kepha njengoba umbungu ukhula, ukukhula kwamaphaphu kuhamba kancane, futhi ekugcineni bahlala bengathuthuki. Kuma-coelacanths, kumane kwaphela ukufuneka ngemuva kokuqala kokuhlala emanzini ajulile - ekuqaleni, ososayensi bathathe lezi zinsalela ezingakathuthuki zamaphaphu ukuze zibhukule isinye senhlanzi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi zeCoelacanth
Izinhlobo zase-Indonesia zamukeleka njengezisengozini, kanti abaseComorian basengcupheni yokuqothulwa. Bobabili bangaphansi kokuvikelwa, ukudoba kwabo akuvunyelwe. Ngaphambi kokutholwa okusemthethweni kwalezi zinhlanzi, yize abantu bendawo yezindawo ezisogwini babazi ngazo, abazibambanga ngqo, ngoba babengazidli.
Ngemuva kokutholwa, lokhu kwaqhubeka isikhathi esithile, kepha kwabe sekusabalala amahemuhemu okuthi uketshezi olukhishwe kuzithingo zabo lungangeza impilo. Kwakukhona abanye, isibonelo, umuntu angenza i-potion yothando ngabo. Khona-ke, naphezu kokuvinjelwa, baqala ukubamba, ngoba amanani alo ketshezi ayephezulu kakhulu.
Abazingeli abangekho emthethweni babekhuthele kakhulu ngeminyaka yama-1980, ngenxa yalokho abacwaningi bathola ukuthi inani labantu lehle kakhulu, kumanani abucayi - ngokusho kwabo, kwakusele ama-coelacanths angama-300 kuphela esifundeni saseComoros maphakathi nawo-1990. Ngenxa yezinyathelo zokulwa nabazingeli abangekho emthethweni, inani labo laqiniswa, futhi manje balinganiselwa kubantu abangama-400-500.
Mangaki ama-coelacanths ahlala ngasogwini lwaseNingizimu Afrika nasolwandle iSulawesi akakasungulwa cishe cishe. Kucatshangwa ukuthi bambalwa babo esimweni sokuqala (akunakwenzeka ukuthi sikhuluma ngamakhulu abantu). Elesibili, ukusabalala kungaba kukhulu kakhulu - cishe kusuka kubantu abayi-100 kuye kwabayi-1 000.
Ukuvikelwa kwama-coelacanths
Isithombe: Izinhlanzi zeCoelacanth ezivela eRed Book
Ngemuva kokuthi i-coelacanth itholakale ngaseComoros yiFrance, eyayiyikoloni lawo ngaleso sikhathi, le nhlanzi yathathwa njengomcebo kazwelonke futhi yathathwa ngaphansi kokuvikelwa. Ukubabamba kwakwenqatshelwe kuwo wonke umuntu ngaphandle kwalabo ababethola imvume ekhethekile kubaphathi baseFrance.
Ngemuva kokuthi iziqhingi zithole inkululeko isikhathi eside, izinyathelo zokuvikela ama-coelacanths azange zithathwe nhlobo, ngenxa yalokho ukuzingela ngokungemthetho kwachuma kakhulu ngokubabazekayo. Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-90 kuphela lapho umzabalazo wokulwa naye waqala, futhi kwajeziswa kanzima kulabo ababanjwe ngama-coelacanths.
Yebo, namahemuhemu ngamandla abo ayisimangaliso aqala ukwehla - ngenxa yalokho, manje kababanjwa, futhi bayekile ukufa, yize isibalo sabo sisesincane, ngoba lezi zinhlanzi zizala kancane. EComoros, bamenyezelwa njengamagugu esizwe.
Ukutholakala kwabantu eduze kwaseNingizimu Afrika nezinhlobo zase-Indonesia kwavumela ososayensi ukuthi baphefumule ngokukhululeka, kepha ama-coelacanths asavikelwe, ukubanjwa kwawo akuvunyelwe, futhi lokhu kuvinjelwa kususwa kuphela ezimweni ezihlukile ngenhloso yocwaningo.
Iqiniso Elimnandi: AmaCoelacanths angabhukuda ezindaweni ezingavamile kakhulu: isibonelo, isisu phezulu noma emuva. Bakwenza njalo, kungokwemvelo kubo futhi abahlangabezani nokuphazamiseka. Kubaluleke kakhulu kubo ukuthi bagingqike ngamakhanda abo phansi - bakwenza ngokujwayeleka okunomona, isikhathi ngasinye behlala kulesi sikhundla imizuzu eminingana.
Coelacanth ibaluleke kakhulu kwisayensi, ngenxa yokuyibuka nokutadisha ukwakheka kwayo, kutholakala amaqiniso amasha amasha ngokwengeziwe mayelana nokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Bambalwa kakhulu babo abasele emhlabeni, ngakho-ke badinga ukuvikelwa - ngenhlanhla, inani labantu lisanda kuhlala lizinzile, futhi kuze kube manje ukuphela kwale nhlobo yezinhlanzi ezishiwoyo akusongelwa.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 08.07.2019
Usuku lokubuyekeza: 09/24/2019 ngo-20: 54
