Isicabucabu esizulazulayo noma esizulazulayo, kanye ne- "runner spider", emazweni akhuluma isiNgisi "banana spider", naseBrazil saziwa ngokuthi "aranha armadeira", okusho ukuthi "isicabucabu esihlomile" noma isicabucabu Ingabe wonke amagama ombulali obulalayo. Ukufa ngokulunywa yisosha lesicabucabu, uma lifaka umuthi ophelele wobuthi, kuzokwenzeka kungakapheli ihora kumacala angama-83%.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Isithombe: Spider Soldier
Uhlobo lwe-Phoneutria lutholwe nguMaximilian Perti ngo-1833. Igama lohlobo luqhamuka esiGrekini νονεύτρια, okusho ukuthi "umbulali". UPerty wahlanganisa izinhlobo ezimbili zohlobo oluthile: P. rufibarbis noP. Fera. Owokuqala uhunyushwa ngokuthi "ummeleli osolisayo", owokugcina njengohlobo olujwayelekile lohlobo. Okwamanje, lolu hlobo lumelwe yizinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili zezicabucabu ezitholakala ngokwemvelo kuphela eMelika Ephakathi neseNingizimu.
Isicabucabu sezempi saseBrazil sangena eGuinness Book of Records ngo-2007 njengesilwane esinesihlungu kunazo zonke.
Lolu hlobo lungezinye zezicabucabu ezibaluleke kakhulu kwezempilo emhlabeni. Ubuthi bawo benziwa inhlanganisela yama-peptide namaprotheni asebenza ndawonye njenge-neurotoxin enamandla ezilwaneni ezincelisayo. Ngokombono wemithi, ubuthi babo bufundwe kahle, futhi izingxenye zayo zingasetshenziswa kwezokwelapha nakwezolimo.
Ividiyo: Isosha Lesicabucabu
Kwaphawulwa ukuthi ukulunywa kwakuhambisana nokuvinjelwa okude futhi okubuhlungu kubamele isigamu esiqinile sobuntu. Isizathu ukuthi ubuthi besicabucabu besosha buqukethe ubuthi u-Th2-6, osebenza emzimbeni wezilwane ezincelisayo njenge-aphrodisiac enamandla.
Ukuhlolwa kuqinisekisile uhlobo lososayensi olucatshangelwe ukuthi le toxin ingaba yisisekelo somuthi onamandla okwelapha ukungasebenzi kahle kwe-erectile emadodeni. Mhlawumbe ngokuzayo, isosha lesicabucabu elilwayo lizokwazi ukuphinde lingene eNcwadini yamaRekhodi ngokubamba iqhaza ekwakhiweni kwekhambi lokungabi namandla.
Ukubukeka nezici
Isithombe: Isosha lesicabucabu sezilwane
I-Phoneutria (izicabucabu zamasosha) ngamalungu amakhulu futhi aqinile omndeni waseCtenidae (abagijimi). Ubude bomzimba walezi zigcawu busuka ku-17-48 mm, kanti ubude bomlenze bungafinyelela ku-180 mm. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abesifazane banobude obungu-3-5 cm nobude bomlenze obungu-13-18 cm, kanti abesilisa banosayizi omncane womzimba, cishe u-3-4 cm nobude bomlenze obungu-14 cm.
Umbala jikelele womzimba nemilenze uyehluka ngendawo yokuhlala, kepha okuvame kakhulu umbala onsundu okhanyayo, onsundu, noma ompunga onamachashazi amancane alula anohlaka olumnyama olutholakala ngababili esiswini. Ezinye izinhlobo zinemigqa emibili yesikhathi eside enamabala amancane. Ngaphakathi kohlobo oluthile, umbala wesisu awuqondile umahluko wezinhlobo.
Iqiniso elithandekayo! Ochwepheshe bakholelwa ukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zesicabucabu "zinga" zilume "ukonga ubuthi bazo, ngokungafani nezinhlobo zasendulo ezinikeza umthamo ophelele.
Umzimba nemilenze yesicabucabu sesosha kumbozwe ngezinwele ezimfushane ezinsundu noma ezimpunga. Izinhlobo eziningi (P. boliviensis, P. fera, P. keyserlingi, no P. nigriventer) zinezinwele ezibomvu ngokukhanyayo kuma-chelicerae (izakhiwo ebusweni, ngenhla nje kwemigodi), kanye nemivimbo ebonakalayo emnyama nephuzi noma emhlophe ngaphansi kwezimbili amabhangqa angaphambili emilenze.
Uhlobo luhlukile kolunye uhlobo oluhlobene nalo, olunjengoCtenus, lapho kukhona amaqoqo aminyene akhulayo (ibhulashi eliminyene lezinwele ezinhle) kwi-tibia ne-tarsi kubo bobubili ubulili. Izinhlobo zesicabucabu samasosha zifana nabamele uhlobo lweCupiennius Simon. NjengoFoneutria, uCupiennius uyilungu lomndeni waseCtenidae, kepha ayinabungozi kubantu. Njengoba zombili izinhlobo zivame ukutholakala ekudleni noma emithwalweni engaphandle kwebanga lazo lemvelo, kubalulekile ukuhlukanisa phakathi kwazo.
Sihlala kuphi isicabucabu sesosha?
Isithombe: I-Brazilian Spider Soldier
I-Soldier Spider - Itholakala ezindaweni ezishisayo zaseNtshonalanga Nenkabazwe, ehlanganisa iningi lasenyakatho yeNingizimu Melika enyakatho ye-Andes. Futhi uhlobo olulodwa, (P. boliviensis), lusakazekela eMelika Ephakathi. Kunemininingwane yezinhlobo zesosha lesicabucabu e: Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, Suriname, Guyana, enyakatho ye-Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Bolivia, Mexico, Panama, Guatemala naseCosta Rica. Ngaphakathi kohlobo, i-P. boliviensis iyona evame kakhulu, nobubanzi bezwe busuka eCentral America ngaseningizimu buya e-Argentina.
I-Phoneutria bahiensis inokwabiwa okulinganiselwe kwezwe futhi itholakala kuphela emahlathini ase-Atlantic ezifundazweni zaseBrazil iBahia nase-Espirito Santo. Kulezi zinhlobo, yiBrazil kuphela ebhekwa njengendawo yokuhlala.
Uma sicabangela ububanzi besilwane ngohlobo ngalunye ngokwehlukana, khona-ke basatshalaliswa ngokulandelayo:
- I-P.bahiensis ivame kakhulu endaweni encane esifundazweni saseBahia eBrazil;
- P. boliviensis itholakala eBolivia, eParaguay, eColombia, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeBrazil, e-Ecuador, ePeru, nase-Central America;
- Ama-oocurs ase-P. Eickstedtae ezindaweni eziningi ezigudle amahlathi emvula eBrazil;
- P.fera itholakala e-Amazon, e-Ecuador, ePeru, eSuriname, eBrazil, eGuyana;
- I-P.keyserlingi itholakala ogwini olushisayo lwase-Atlantic eBrazil;
- P. nigriventer itholakala enyakatho ye-Argentina, i-Uruguay, iParaguay, i-Central kanye ne-Southeast Brazil. Izinhlobo eziningana ezitholwe eMontevideo, e-Uruguay, eBuenos Aires. Cishe zilethwe nemithwalo yezithelo;
- P.pertyi kwenzeka ogwini olushisayo lwase-Atlantic eBrazil;
- P. reidyi itholakala esifundeni sase-Amazonia eBrazil, ePeru, eVenezuela naseGuyana.
EBrazil, isicabucabu samasosha asikho kuphela esifundeni esisenyakatho-mpumalanga esenyakatho ne-El Salvador, eBahia.
Yini esidliwa yisicabucabu sesosha?
Isithombe: Spider Soldier
Amasosha esicabucabu angabazingeli ebusuku. Emini, zibalekela ezimileni, emifantwini yezihlahla, noma ezindundumeni zomuhlwa. Ngokuqala kobumnyama, baqala ukufuna ngenkuthalo inyamazane. Isosha lesicabucabu linqoba umuntu ongaba yisisulu sakhe ngesihlungu esinamandla kunokuthembela emaceleni. Kwezicabucabu eziningi, ubuthi busebenza njengendlela yokwehlisa isisulu. Lokhu kuhlasela kwenzeka kokubili kusuka ekuqamekeleni nasekuhlaselweni okuqondile.
Izicabucabu ezindala ezizulazula eBrazil zidla ku:
- amakhilikithi;
- izibankwa ezincane;
- amagundane;
- Izimpukane zezithelo ezingezindiza;
- ezinye izicabucabu;
- amaxoxo;
- izinambuzane ezinkulu.
P. boliviensis kwesinye isikhathi ugoqa inyamazane ebanjiwe, ayinamathisele ku-substrate. Ezinye izinhlobo zivame ukucasha ezitshalweni ezinamaqabunga amakhulu njengezihlahla zesundu njengendawo yokuqamekela ngaphambi kokuzingela.
Futhi ezindaweni ezinjalo, izicabucabu ezisakhula ezingavuthiwe zithanda ukucasha, ukugwema ukuhlaselwa yizicabucabu ezinkulu, okuyizilwane ezingaba yizisulu phansi. Lokhu kubanikeza amandla okuqonda kangcono ukudlidlizela kwesilwane esisondelayo.
Iningi lokuhlaselwa kwabantu kwenzeka eBrazil (amacala angama- ~ 4,000 ngonyaka) kanti ama-0.5% kuphela anzima. Ubuhlungu bendawo uphawu oluyinhloko olubikwe ngemuva kokulunywa okuningi. Ukwelashwa kuyimpawu, ne-antivenin inconyelwe kuphela iziguli ezithuthukisa ukubonakaliswa kwemitholampilo ebalulekile.
Izimpawu zenzeka ~ ~ 3% wamacala futhi zithinta kakhulu izingane ezingaphansi kweminyaka eyi-10 kanye nabantu abadala abangaphezu kwama-70. Kubulawe abantu abangu-15 ababangwa yisicabucabu esasibangelwa isosha okwabikwa eBrazil kusukela ngo-1903, kodwa mabili kuphela amacala anezizathu ezanele zokuxhasa ukulunywa yi-Phoneutria.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Isithombe: Spider Soldier
Isicabucabu sesosha elizulazulayo sinegama laso ngoba sihamba phansi ehlathini, futhi asihlali emgodini noma kuwebhu. Isimo sokuzulazula kwalezi zingcwecwe ngesinye sezizathu ezibhekwa njengeziyingozi. Ezindaweni ezinabantu abaningi, izinhlobo zeFoneutria zivame ukufuna izindawo zokucasha nezindawo ezimnyama zokucasha emini, okuholela ekutheni zicashe ezindlini, ezingutsheni, ezimotweni, emabhuthini, emabhokisini nasezinqwabeni zezingodo, lapho zingaluma khona uma ziphazamiseke ngengozi.
Isicabucabu samasosha aseBrazil kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi "isicabucabu sebhanana" njengoba kwesinye isikhathi sitholakala kokuthunyelwa kukabhanana. Ngakho-ke, noma yisiphi isicabucabu esikhulu esivela kubhanana kufanele siphathwe ngokunakekelwa okufanele. Abantu abazithululile kufanele bazi kahle ukuthi ubhanana uyindawo evamile yokufihla lolu hlobo lwesicabucabu olunobuthi futhi luyingozi.
Ngokungafani nezinye izinhlobo eziningi ezisebenzisa ama-web ukubamba izinambuzane, izicabucabu zamasosha zisebenzisa ama-webs ukuhamba kalula phakathi kwezihlahla, zakha izindonga ezibushelelezi emigodini, zenze izikhwama zamaqanda, futhi zisonge inyamazane esezibanjiwe.
Izicabucabu zesosha laseBrazil zingenye yezinhlobo zesicabucabu ezinolaka kakhulu. Bazolwa bodwa ngensimu uma bebaningi kakhulu endaweni eyodwa. Kuyaziwa futhi ukuthi abesilisa baba yimpi kakhulu komunye nomunye ngesikhathi sokukhwelana.
Bafuna ukuba nawo wonke amathuba okuhlangana ngempumelelo nowesifazane okhethiwe, ukuze balimaze isihlobo sabo. Amasosha esicabucabu avame ukuhlala iminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu. Abenzi kahle ekuthunjweni ngenxa yengcindezi abayitholayo. Bangayeka ngisho nokudla bese begula ngokuphelele.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isithombe: Spider Soldier
Cishe kuzo zonke izinhlobo zezicabucabu, owesifazane mkhulu kunowesilisa. Le dimorphism nayo ikhona esicabucabu sezempi saseBrazil. Amasosha wesilisa azulazula efuna abesifazane phakathi kukaMashi noMeyi, okuhambisana nesikhathi lapho kwenzeka khona izifo eziningi zokulunywa ngabantu.
Abesilisa basondela kowesifazane ngokucophelela lapho bezama ukukhwelana. Badansa ukuze athole ukunakwa kwakhe futhi balwe kanzima nabanye abaphikisi. Abamele "ubulili obulungile" bakhetha kakhulu, futhi bavame ukwenqaba abesilisa abaningi ngaphambi kokukhetha lowo abazoshada naye.
Izicabucabu zesilisa kufanele zihlehle zisheshe zisuke kowesifazane ngemuva kokukhwelana, ukuze zithole isikhathi sokubaleka ngaphambi kokuba kubuye umuzwa ojwayelekile wentombi.
Abagijimi bayazala - amasosha ngosizo lwamaqanda, apakishwe emasakeni ezinhlamvu. Lapho isidoda sesingaphakathi kowesifazane, usigcina egumbini elikhethekile futhi asisebenzise kuphela ngesikhathi sokuvuthwa. Bese kuthi amaqanda ahlangane kuqala nesidoda sowesilisa bese evundiswa. Insikazi ingabeka amaqanda angafika ku-3000 emasakeni amaqanda amane. Izicabucabu zivela ezinsukwini eziyi-18-24.
Izicabucabu ezingavuthiwe zingabamba inyamazane ngokushesha ngemuva kokushiya isikhwama seqanda. Njengoba zikhula, kufanele zichithe futhi zichithe izizinda zazo ukuze zikhule ziqhubeke. Ngonyaka wokuqala, izicabucabu zithola ama-molts ama-5 - 10, kuya ngethempelesha kanye nenani lokudla okudliwayo. Njengoba ukhula, imvamisa ye-molting iyancipha.
Ngonyaka wesibili wokuphila, izicabucabu ezikhulayo zincola izikhathi ezintathu kuye kweziyisithupha. Ngonyaka wesithathu, bathungatha kabili noma kathathu kuphela. Ngemuva kwesinye salezi molts, izicabucabu zivame ukuvuthwa ngokocansi. Njengoba bekhula, amaprotheni akhona kobuhlungu bawo ayashintsha, abulale kakhulu ama-vertebrate.
Izitha zemvelo zesicabucabu sesosha
Isithombe: I-Brazilian Spider Soldier
Amasosha esicabucabu aseBrazil ayizilwane ezinolaka futhi anezitha ezimbalwa. Enye yezinto eziyingozi kakhulu umnyovu we-tarantula hawk, ongowohlobo lwePepsis. Yininyovu enkulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ngokuvamile ayinalo ulaka futhi ngokuvamile ayihlaseli izinhlobo ngaphandle kwezicabucabu.
Iminyovu yabesifazane ibheka inyamazane yabo futhi iyilume, iyikhubaze okwesikhashana. Bese iminyovu ibeka iqanda esiswini sesicabucabu sesosha bese ilidonsela emgodini owawulungisiwe ngaphambili. Isicabucabu asibulawa ubuthi, kepha sifelwa yinyoka yomnyovu echanyuselwe esidla isisu sesicabucabu.
Lapho ubhekene nesidlakela, wonke amalungu ohlobo akhombisa usongo. Lesi simo sokuzivikela esinemilenze yangaphambilini ephakanyisiwe siyinkomba enhle yokuqinisekisa ukuthi isifanekiso yiFoniutria.
Amasosha esicabucabu maningi amathuba okuthi abambe izikhundla zawo kunokubuyela emuva. Isicabucabu simi ngambili emilenzeni emibili yangemuva, umzimba ucishe ubheke phansi. Imibhangqwana emibili yemilenze yangaphambili iphakanyisiwe yabanjwa ngaphezulu komzimba, ikhombisa imilenze engezansi enemibala egqamile. Isicabucabu sinyakazisa imilenze yaso eceleni bese sigudlukela enhlanganweni yezinsongo, sikhombisa amazinyo aso.
Kunezinye izilwane ezikwazi ukubulala isicabucabu samasosha, kepha lokhu kuvame ukubangelwa ukufa empini eyenzeke ngengozi phakathi kwesicabucabu namagundane amakhulu noma izinyoni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abantu babhubhisa abameleli bohlobo ngokushesha lapho betholakala, bezama ukuvimbela ukulunywa kwesicabucabu sesosha.
Ngenxa yobuthi bokulunywa nokubukeka kushubile, lezi zigcawu zinedumela lokuba nolaka. Kepha lokhu kuziphatha kuyindlela yokuzivikela. Isimo sabo esisongelayo sisebenza njengesixwayiso, okukhombisa izidalwa ukuthi isicabucabu esinesihlungu sikulungele ukuhlasela.
Ukulunywa kwesicabucabu samasosha kuyindlela yokuzivikela futhi kwenziwa kuphela uma ucasulwe ngamabomu noma ngengozi. Esicabucabwini sesosha, ubuthi buvele kancane kancane, benza umsebenzi wokuvikela ezilwaneni ezincelisayo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Isithombe: Spider Soldier
Encwadini ethi Guinness Book of World Records, isicabucabu samasosha esihambahamba phambili siye saqokwa njengesicabucabu esinesihlungu kunazo zonke emhlabeni iminyaka eminingana manje, yize, njengoba u-aranologist uJo-Ann Nina Sulal asho, "Kuyimpikiswano ukuhlukanisa isilwane njengesibulalayo, ngoba inani lokulimala okwenziwe kuncike enanini likabuthi ojojowe."
Inani labantu bohlobo lweFoneutria okwamanje alisongelwanga, yize izicabucabu zingamasosha futhi zinendawo encane yokusabalalisa. Ngokuyisisekelo, izicabucabu ezizulazulayo zihamba ehlathini, lapho zinezitha ezimbalwa. Okuwukuphela kwezinhlobo zokukhathazeka yi-Phoneutria bahiensis. Ngenxa yendawo yayo encane yokusatshalaliswa, ibhalwe kuRed Data Book yoMnyango Wezemvelo waseBrazil, njengezilwane ezingasongelwa ngokuqothulwa.
Izicabucabu zamasosha aseBrazil ziyingozi nakanjani futhi ziluma abantu abaningi kunezinye izinhlobo zesicabucabu. Abantu abalunywe yilesi spider noma noma yiluphi uhlobo lomndeni waseCtenid kufanele bafune usizo oluphuthumayo ngokushesha, ngoba ubuthi bungaba yingozi empilweni.
I-Phoneutria fera ne-Phoneutria nigriventer yizona zesicabucabu ezinesihluku kakhulu futhi ezibulalayo. Azinayo i-neurotoxin enamandla kuphela, kepha futhi zibanga esinye sezimo ezibuhlungu kakhulu ngemuva kokulunywa kwazo zonke izicabucabu ngenxa yokuxinana okuphezulu kwe-serotonin. Banesihlungu esisebenza kunazo zonke izicabucabu ezihlala emhlabeni.
Ubuhlungu be-Phoneutria buqukethe i-neurotoxin enamandla eyaziwa njenge-PhTx3. Isebenza njengesivimbeli sesiteshi se-calcium esibanzi esibanzi. Ekugxileni okubulalayo, le neurotoxin ibangela ukulahleka kokulawulwa kwemisipha nezinkinga zokuphefumula, okuholele ekukhubazekeni nasekucineni okungenzeka.
Ochwepheshe babizelwa komunye wemizi eLondon ukuzobamba isicabucabu sesosha ngemuva kokuthi abaqashi bethenge inqwaba yobhanana esitolo. Emzameni wokweqa, isicabucabu samasosha saseBrazil sakhumula umlenze washiya isikhwama samaqanda esigcwele izinkulungwane zezicabucabu ezincane. Umndeni wethukile futhi wahluleka ngisho nokulala ubusuku endlini yabo.
Ngaphandle kwalokho, isicabucabu ikhiqiza ubuthi obubangela ubuhlungu obukhulu nokuvuvukala ngemuva kokulunywa ngenxa yomphumela wesasasa onawo kwi-serotonin 5-HT4 sensory receptors Futhi isilinganiso sobuthi esibulalayo ngu-134 mcg / kg.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 04/03/2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 19.09.2019 ngo-13: 05
