Ibhere elinsundu kubhekwe njengesilwane esincelisayo esikhulu kunazo zonke emhlabeni. Ngaphandle, ubonakala eyisilo esisindayo, esixakile nesixakile. Noma kunjalo, akunjalo. Isilwane esincelisayo sithathwa ngokufanele njengenkosi yendawo emangele yetaiga. Amandla nobukhulu bomhlali wasehlathini kuyajabulisa futhi kumangaze. Ngosayizi, isitha esisodwa kuphela somndeni webhere ongafaniswa naso - ibhere elimhlophe elimhlophe.
Umsuka wezinhlobo nencazelo
Ngokusho kososayensi nabavubukuli, amabhere aguquke kuma-martens asendulo cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-3-4 edlule. Izinsalela zezinhlobo zasendulo ezinjalo zatholakala endaweni yaseFrance yanamuhla. Kwakuyibhere elincane laseMalay. Lezi zinhlobo seziguquke zaba isilwane esikhulu esidlayo - ibhere lase-Etruria. Indawo yayo yasakazekela eYurophu naseChina. Cishe yilezi zinhlobo ezaba umsunguli wamabhere amakhulu, amnyama. Cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi eziyi-1.8-2 edlule, kwavela izidumbu zomhume wamabhere. Kwavela kubo ukuthi amabhere ansundu kanye ne-polar aqala, ahlukaniswa abe ama-subspecies amaningi.
Ukubukeka nezici
Ukuvela komzingeli kuhlaba umxhwele ngosayizi namandla awo. Isisindo somuntu omdala ngamunye sifinyelela kuma-300-500 kilograms, ubude bomzimba bufinyelela kumamitha amabili. Ummeleli omkhulu walolu hlobo uhlala e-zoo enhlokodolobha yaseJalimane. Isisindo sayo singama-775 kilograms. Ezesilisa zihlala zikhudlwana futhi zikhudlwana kunezinsikazi cishe izikhathi ezimbili. Umzimba unomzimba omise umgqomo, ubuna kakhulu. Imilenze enamandla, ethuthukisiwe ineminwe emihlanu nezinzipho ezinkulu kuze kufike kubude obungu-15 cm. Kunomsila omncane oyindilinga, ubukhulu bawo abudluli amasentimitha amabili. Ikhanda elikhulu elinengxenye ebanzi engaphambili linekhala elihlangene, amehlo amancane nezindlebe.
Ubuningi nombala wejazi kuncike esifundeni sendawo yokuhlala. Amabhele molt ehlobo. Ngenkathi ebandayo, nangesikhathi somshado, amabhere anolaka ikakhulukazi. Abadli bachitha cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha ephusheni. Bakhuphukela emgodini, bazigoqe baba ibhola. Izitho zangemuva zicindezelwe esiswini, ngimboza isifonyo ngezangaphambili.
Ihlala kuphi ibhere elinsundu?
Ibhere elinsundu yisilwane sasehlathini. Ihlala emahlathini aminyene anezimila eziluhlaza okotshani. Izindawo ezinjenge-tundra, i-taiga, amabanga asezintabeni yizindawo ezifanelekile zezilwane ezidla izinyawo. Phambilini, indawo yokuhlala yayisuka eNgilandi iye eChina naseJapan. Namuhla, ngenxa yokuqothulwa kwezinhlobo, indawo yokuhlala yehle kakhulu. Amabhere ahlala kuphela endaweni yaseRussia, e-Alaska, eKazakhstan, eCanada. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ibhere elilodwa lihlala endaweni engamakhilomitha angama-70 kuye kwayi-150.
- Ingxenye eseMpumalanga yetaiga yaseSiberia;
- IMongolia;
- Pakistan;
- Iran;
- Korea;
- Afghanistan;
- China;
- Unyawo lwePamir, iTien Shan, iHimalaya;
- Kazakhstan.
Cishe wonke amabhele ahlala endaweni eseduze nemithombo evulekile yamanzi.
Lidlani ibhere elinsundu?
Ibhere elinsundu ngokwemvelo liyisilwane esidlayo. Kodwa-ke, singambiza ngokuqiniseka ngokuthi yisilo esithanda izinto zonke. Udla ukudla kwezitshalo cishe unyaka wonke. Yizimila ezakha cishe i-70% yakho konke ukudla okudliwayo. Ukuba khona kwezimbungulu nezinambuzane ezincane, izibungu azifakwanga ekudleni.
Ngokwemvelo, lezi zilwane zinikezwe amandla okudoba. Ngokuqondene nalokhu, cishe njalo kunomthombo wamanzi endaweni yokuhlala, lapho ibhere lingabamba khona izinhlanzi. Umzingeli unezandulela ezinamandla, ezinamandla nezithuthuke kakhulu. Ngokushaywa ngesidladla esisodwa sangaphambili, uyakwazi ukubulala i-elk, ingulube yasendle noma inyamazane. Imvamisa, izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane ezidlayo ezinjengama-hares kanye nama-raccoon ziba yizinto ezidliwayo.
Ezinganekwaneni zabantu baseRussia, ibhere elinsundu livela njengezinyo elimnandi futhi lithanda uju. Futhi kuyiqiniso. Ujabulela uju lwezinyosi zasendle.
Isisekelo sokudla kwebhere elinsundu yile:
- amajikijolo ehlathi, ikakhulukazi amajikijolo, ama-lingonberries, ama-blueberries, ama-strawberry;
- okusanhlamvu;
- ukolweni;
- inhlanzi;
- izilwane ezincelisayo ezincane neziphakathi nendawo - izingulube, izingulube zasendle, izimbuzi, izinyamazane;
- abamele umndeni wamagundane, amagundane, amaxoxo, izibankwa;
- izimila zehlathi - amantongomane, ama-acorn.
Ibhere linekhono lemvelo lokuzivumelanisa ngokuphelele nanoma iziphi izimo. Uyakwazi ukubekezelela ngisho nendlala, futhi asinde ngokungabikho kwenyama nenhlanzi isikhathi eside. Ujwayele ukwenza izimpahla. Lokho isilwane esingakudli, sikufihla emahlathini ezimila zehlathi, bese sikudla sikuqede. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi akunzima kubo ukuthola amasheya abawenzile, ngoba banenkumbulo ethuthukisiwe.
Ukudla kungatholakala ebusuku naphakathi nosuku. Akujwayelekile ukuthi bakhe isu lokuzingela, balandelele inyamazane, futhi bahlasele. Isidingo esibi kakhulu kuphela esingadudula ibhere lize liye kuleso sinyathelo. Ukufuna ukudla, bavame ukuya ezindaweni zokuhlala abantu bese beqothula izilwane ezifuywayo.
Izici zobuntu nendlela yokuphila
Ngaphandle kobukhulu bazo obukhulu nokuxakaniseka kwangaphandle, amabhere ansundu ayizilwane ezihlanzekile futhi ezicishe zithule. Izilwane eziyizilwane ezidla zodwa. Indawo abahlala kuyo ihlukene phakathi kwabantu abadala. Eyesilisa eyodwa ihlanganisa indawo engamakhilomitha-skwele angama-50 kuye kwayi-150. Abesilisa bahlala endaweni ephindwe ka-2-3 kunensimu yabesifazane. Umuntu ngamunye uphawula indawo yakhe ngomchamo, uzipho emithini.
Ibhere elinsundu lisebenza kakhulu ngezikhathi zasemini, ikakhulukazi ekuseni kakhulu. Ukwazi ukugijima ngokushesha, ufinyelela isivinini esifinyelela ku-45-55 km / h. Uyakwazi ukugibela ezihlahleni, ukubhukuda, ukuhamba amabanga amade. Umzingeli unomuzwa omuhle kakhulu wephunga. Uyakwazi ukuhogela inyama ebangeni elifinyelela kumakhilomitha amathathu.
Lezi zilwane zibonakala ngendlela yokuphila yonyaka. Ngenkathi efudumele, izilwane zihola impilo esebenzayo, zihamba phakathi kwamahlathi. Ngenkathi ebandayo, amabhere alala emihumeni. Ekwindla, amabhere aqala ukulungiselela ukulala ubusika bonke, ahlela indawo yalokhu, kanye nokuqoqwa kwamafutha angaphansi kwesikhumba. I-Hibernation ithatha inyanga eyodwa kuya kwezine kuya kweziyisihlanu. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi inani lokushaya kwenhliziyo, izinga lokuphefumula kanye nezinga lokuphefumula okunamandla ngesikhathi se-hibernation kuhlala kungashintshi. Ngesikhathi sokulala ubuthongo, isilwane sincipha isisindo esikhulu - kufika kuma-60-70 kilograms.
Amabhere aqikelela kakhulu ekukhetheni indawo yokulala ebusika. Kufanele kube yindawo eyimfihlo, ethule futhi eyomile. Umhhume kufanele ufudumale futhi unethezeke. Amabhere agudla phansi kwesikhoselo sawo ngomsila owomile. Ngesikhathi sokulala, zigcina ukuzwela, ukulala akujulile. Kulula ukuphazamisa nokuvuka.
Isakhiwo senhlalo nokuzala
Isikhathi sokukhwelana samabhere ansundu siqala ngasekupheleni kwentwasahlobo futhi sihlala izinyanga ezimbalwa. Abesilisa ngalesi sikhathi banolaka impela. Bajwayele ukuhlaselana bodwa futhi balwele kanzima ukuthola ithuba lokuhlangana nabesifazane. Futhi, ezeduna zikhipha umsindo omkhulu onolaka. Abesifazane, nabo, ngokushesha bangena emshadweni nabesilisa abaningana ngasikhathi sinye.
Amabhere ajwayele ukuzala amawundlu cishe kanye njalo eminyakeni emi-2-3. Isikhathi sokukhulelwa sihlala cishe izinsuku ezingamakhulu amabili. Umbungu ukhula esibelethweni sowesifazane kuphela ngesikhathi sobusika. Esikhathini esiningi, amawundlu amabili noma amathathu azalwa phakathi noma eduze nasebusika. Isisindo somntwana oyedwa asidluli amagremu angama-500, ubude buyi-22-24 cm.
Amawundlu asanda kuzalwa akaboni futhi awezwa lutho. Izinwele azithuthukisiwe kahle. Ngemuva kwezinsuku eziyi-10-12, amawundlu aqala ukuzwa, ngemuva kwenyanga - ukubona. Ibherikazi lisuthisa inzalo yalo ngobisi emgodini izinyanga ezintathu kuya kwezine. Kule minyaka yobudala, amawundlu anamazinyo okuqala, okuwavumela ukuthi andise ukudla kwawo. Kodwa-ke, ngokuvela kwamazinyo, amawundlu awayeki ukondla ubisi lukamama. Isebenza njengomthombo wokudla iminyaka eyi-1.5-2.5.
Amawundlu angaphansi kokunakekelwa ngunina kuze kube yiminyaka engu-3-4 ubudala. Ngalesi sikhathi, bafinyelela ebusheni futhi baqale impilo ezimele. Kodwa-ke, isikhathi sokukhula asipheli, siqhubeka eminye iminyaka engu-6-7.
Owesifazane ubandakanyeka ekukhuliseni nasekunakekeleni izingane. I-pestun bear, owesifazane osekhulile ovela enzalweni edlule, naye ubamba iqhaza kule nqubo. Ngaphansi kwezimo zemvelo, ibhere elinsundu liphila cishe iminyaka engama-25-30. Lapho uhlala ekuthunjweni, isikhathi sokuphila singaphindeka kabili.
Izitha zemvelo zebhere elinsundu
Isitha semvelo somzingeli ngumuntu nemisebenzi yakhe. Uma sikhona ezimweni zemvelo, isilo asinazo ezinye izitha. Asikho isilwane esinesibindi sokuhlasela ibhere. Akekho omunye onamandla namandla okumhlula.
Namuhla ibhere elinsundu libhalwe kuRed Book njengezilwane ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Lesi simo senzeke ngenxa yomsebenzi womuntu. Ukudutshulwa kwabantu abadala, kanye nokuthunjwa kwamawundlu, kubhekwa kabanzi njengendebe elite yabazingeli abangekho emthethweni. Isikhumba sesilwane, kanye nenyama nenyongo, saziswa kakhulu.
Abazingeli abangekho emthethweni bathengisa inyama ngenani eliphakeme kubamele ibhizinisi lokudlela. Izikhumba zithengiswa njengezinto zokusetshenziswa zokwenza ukhaphethi. Bear fat ne-bile kuyadingeka embonini yezemithi yokwenziwa kwemikhiqizo yokwelapha.
Esikhathini esedlule, amabhere ayegcwele yonke indawo futhi etholakala cishe yonke indawo. EBritish Isles, owokugcina kulaba wabulawa ngekhulu lama-20. EYurophu, ikakhulukazi, endaweni yaseJalimane, lezi zinhlobo zanyamalala eminyakeni engaphezu kwekhulu edlule. Eningizimu-mpumalanga yensimu yase-Europe, amabhere atholakala ngezibalo ezilodwa. Ngaphandle kokuthi ummeleli womndeni wamabhere ubhalwe kuRed Book, abazingeli abangekho emthethweni bayaqhubeka nokucekela phansi abamele lolu hlobo.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Kuze kube manje, ibhere elinsundu libhalwe kuRed Book. Abantu banesimo sezinhlobo ezisengozini yokuqothulwa. Namuhla emhlabeni kunabantu abangaba ngu-205,000. Balinganiselwa ku-130,000 abahlala eRussian Federation.
Ibhere elinsundu, ngokuya ngendawo yokuhlala, lihlukaniswe laba ama-subspecies amaningi:
Ibhere laseSiberia... It is ngokufanele kubhekwe inkosi emahlathini asehlathini laseSiberia.
I-Atlas Bear... Namuhla laziwa ngokusemthethweni njengezinhlobo ezingasekho ezingasekho. Indawo yokuhlala yasakazeka isuka eMorocco iya eLibya, endaweni yezintaba i-Atlas.
Ibhere le-Grizzly. Yabhujiswa ngokuphelele ngabazingeli abangekho emthethweni nabazingeli. Kubhekwe njengengxenye ebalulekile yezimbali nezilwane zaseCalifornia.
Ibhere le-Ussuri... Ihluka ngosayizi onesizotha futhi omnyama, cishe umbala omnyama.
Ibhere laseTibetan... Omunye wabamele abangavamile. Ama-subspecies athola igama lawo ngokuhlala ethafeni laseTibetan.
Kodiak. Kubhekwa njengesilwane esidla kakhulu kunazo zonke. Ama-subspecies athola igama lawo ngenxa yendawo yokuhlala - iziqhingi zeziqhingi ze-Kodiak. Isisindo somuntu omdala ngamunye sifinyelela ngaphezu kwamakhilogremu angamakhulu amane.
Ukuvikelwa kwebhere elinsundu
Ukuze kugcinwe lezi zinhlobo, ibhere elinsundu libhalwe kuRed Book. Ukuzingela akuvunyelwe nakancane. Ukwephula le mfuneko kuyicala lobugebengu. Ensimini yeRussian Federation, amabhere ansundu akhuliswa ngaphansi kwezimo zokufakelwa futhi adedelwa endle.
Ngo-1975, kwavunyelwana ngesivumelwano phakathi kwe-USSR, iNgilandi, iCanada, iDenmark, iNorway sokuthatha izinyathelo ngokuhlanganyela ukuze kulondolozwe futhi kuthuthukiswe lezi zinhlobo.
Ngo-1976, kwaqokwa indawo yamabhere ansundu e-Wrangel Island.
Esinye sezidliwayo ezinhle kakhulu, ezinamandla futhi ezibabazekayo - Ibhere elinsundu... Imikhuba yakhe, indlela yakhe yokuphila ihlukile ngendlela yabo. Kungakho kwenziwa imizamo emikhulu kangaka namhlanje yokulondoloza lolu hlobo.
Usuku lokushicilelwa: 25.01.2019
Idethi ebuyekeziwe: 17.09.2019 ngo-10: 18
