Izimpawu ziyizilwane ezinjengezimpawu ezinomzimba omise okokuphotha, ikhanda elincane nezitho eziguquke zaba ngamaphiko, ngenxa yokuthi izimvu zamanzi zibhukuda futhi zicwile kahle. Zonke izimvu zamanzi, ikakhulukazi ezamanzi angenasawoti, ziyizinsalela eziphila eMhlabeni selokhu kwaphela isikhathi seMfundo ePhakeme.
Incazelo yophawu
Uphawu lungelomndeni wezimpawu zangempela... Ngokuya ngohlobo lwenhlobo, ingahlala emanzini anosawoti kanye nasamanzi amasha e-arctic, subarctic noma ezindaweni ezipholile. Njengamanje, kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezimpawu ezisaziwa: ezimbili zazo ezasolwandle, kanti eyodwa ngamanzi angenasawoti.
Ukubukeka
Umzimba walolu phawu umise okokuphotha, okuvumela isilwane ukuthi sishwibeke kalula emanzini. Ngokuya ngohlobo lwezinhlobo, ubukhulu bokuthi uphawu lungafinyelela ku-170 cm, futhi lunesisindo kusuka ku-50 kuya ku-130 kg. Intamo yophawu ivezwa buthakathaka, kwesinye isikhathi kungahle kubonakale sengathi ayikho nhlobo, futhi umzimba uvele uphenduke ube omncane, ikhanda elinokhakhayi olucwecwe, luphenduke kahle lube yisifonyo esi side. Ngokuvamile, ikhanda lophawu lucishe lufane nekati, ngaphandle kokuthi isifonyo salo side kakhulu. Izindlebe zesigxivizo azikho, zithathelwa indawo yimisele yokuzwa, engabonakali ngokubukeka.
Amehlo alesi silwane makhulu, amnyama futhi aqonde kakhulu. Amehlo amazinyane wezimpawu abonakala emakhulu ngokukhethekile: makhulu futhi amnyama, abonakala ehluke kakhulu uma kuqhathaniswa nesizinda soboya obukhanyayo futhi anikeze uphawu oluncane ukufana noma isikhova noma isidalwa esithile. Ngenxa yejwabu leso lesithathu lezimpawu, ziyakwazi ukubhukuda nokuntywila ngaphandle kokwesaba ukulimaza amehlo azo. Kodwa-ke, emoyeni ovulekile, amehlo ophawu avamise ukunisela, okunikeza isithombe sokuthi isilwane siyakhala.
Kukhona ungqimba olukhulu lwamafutha emzimbeni wophawu, olusiza lesi silwane ukuba siphile ezimweni ezinzima zesimo sezulu esibandayo futhi singabi yiqhwa emanzini aneqhwa. Ukugcinwa okufanayo kwamafutha kungasiza uphawu ukuthi lusinde esitelekeni sesikhashana sendlala ngesikhathi sendlala, futhi ngenxa yabo, lesi silwane singalala amahora amaningi size silale ebusweni bamanzi. Isikhumba sophawu luhlala isikhathi eside futhi luqinile. Imbozwe ngezinwele ezimfushane, eziminyene futhi eziqinile, ezivikela futhi isilwane ku-hypothermia emanzini abandayo naseqhweni noma ogwini.
Lezi zilwane zinolwelwesi phakathi kweminwe, nasemaphepheni angaphambili, ngaphezu kwalokho, zinezinzipho ezinamandla, ngenxa yokuthi uphawu lwenza izimbobo eqhweni ukuze luphumele emhlabeni noma ukuze lukhuphuke ebusweni bamanzi ukuze luphefumule umoya omusha. Ngokuya ngohlobo, umbala wezimvu zamanzi ungaba yisiliva elimnyama noma libe nsundu, kuyilapho izindawo ezimnyama zivame ukumboza.
Kuyathakazelisa! Olunye lwezinhlobo zalezi zilwane, i-ringed seal, lwaqanjwa kanjalo ngenxa yombala wazo ongajwayelekile, lapho izindandatho ezikhanyayo esikhunjeni salo zinomngcele omnyama.
Ukuziphatha, indlela yokuphila
Uphawu lachitha ingxenye enkulu yokuphila kwalo emanzini. Lesi silwane sibhekwa njengombhukudi ongenakuqhathaniswa: ngenxa yomzimba waso oyindilinga nekhanda elincane elenziwe kahle, siyazika kahle futhi singachitha imizuzu engama-70 ngaphansi kwamanzi, kuya ngohlobo lwaso. Ngesikhathi sokuntywila, imisele yezindlebe namakhala ezilwane kuyavalwa, ukuze ngaphansi kwamanzi ikwazi ukuphefumula kuphela ngenxa yomthamo omkhulu wamaphaphu ayo kanye nokutholakala komoya ongena kuwo.
Imvamisa lezi zilwane zilala ngisho ebusweni bamanzi, futhi ubuthongo bazo buqine ngokumangazayo: kwenzeka ukuthi abantu, uma bebhukuda beya ezimfanekisweni zokulala, babaphendula ngokukhethekile, futhi babengacabangi nokuvuka. Uphawu luchitha ubusika ngaphansi kwamanzi, kuphela ngezikhathi ezithile lukhuphukela ebusweni bamanzi ukuze luphefumule umoya omusha. Eqhweni noma emhlabathini, lezi zilwane ziqala ukuphuma eduze ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo, lapho kuqala inkathi yokuzalanisa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengomthetho, izimvu zamanzi zinezindawo ezizithandayo zama-rookeries, lapho zihlangana khona ukuze ziqhubeke nomjaho wazo. Lezi zilwane ziyakwazi ukubona nokuzwa kahle, futhi zinomuzwa omuhle kakhulu wokuhogela. Bacophelela ngokwanele lapho bevukile, ngakho-ke ukusondela ngophawu ngalesi sikhathi akuyona into elula. Ukuqaphela ukusondela komuntu ongamazi, uphawu ngokushesha, ngaphandle kokushaywa okuncane, lungena emanzini, lapho lungabuka khona isitha esicabanga ukuthi sinelukuluku isikhathi eside.
Izimpawu ezisemhlabeni kuphela zingabonakala njengezidalwa ezixakile nezingaqinile. Emanzini, noma kunjalo, bayasebenza, banamandla futhi bacishe bangakhathali. Ngaphansi kwamanzi, isivinini sokuhamba kophawu singaba ngama-25 km / h, noma endaweni ezolile lezi zilwane zibhukuda kancane kakhulu. Ogwini, izimvu zamanzi zihamba ngosizo lwamaphiko angaphambili nomsila, ziwacijile. Uma kwenzeka kuba nengozi, ziqala ukugxuma, zishaye kakhulu eqhweni noma emhlabathini ngamaphiko azo angaphambili bese zisunduza indawo eqinile ngomsila wazo.
Izimpawu zasolwandle zezindawo ezibandayo, ngokungafani nezimpawu zamanzi angenasawoti, ngaphandle kwenkathi, zikhetha ukuchitha isikhathi sabo esiningi eqhweni noma ogwini, hhayi emanzini, lapho zitshuza khona kuphela uma kunengozi noma ukuze zithole ukudla.
Kuyathakazelisa! Zonke izimpawu ziyizilwane ezihola impilo yokuphila yedwa. Kuphela ngenkathi yokuzala lapho behlangana khona njengemihlambi. Kepha noma kunjalo, uphawu ngalunye luzama ukuzihlukanisa futhi luxoshe izihlobo zalo ngokufutheka okuthukuthele.
Uhlala isikhathi esingakanani uphawu
Ezimweni ezinhle, uphawu lungaphila kuze kube yiminyaka engama-60... Endaweni engokwemvelo, lesi silwane asihlali kakhulu: isilinganiso sobude besikhathi sokuphila siyiminyaka eyi-8-9. Cishe uhhafu wabantu bezimpawu zamanzi wenziwe ngabantu abaneminyaka yobudala ngokwesilinganiso seminyaka emi-5 noma ngaphansi. Uma kubhekwa ukuthi ukukhula kophawu kuhlala kuze kube yiminyaka engama-20, kungaphikiswa ukuthi izilwane eziningi zifa ngezizathu ezahlukahlukene ngaphandle kokuthola ngisho nesikhathi sokukhula ziye kubukhulu obumaphakathi.
I-dimorphism yezocansi
Ngaphandle, kuvezwa ngeqiniso lokuthi abantu bobulili obuhlukile bayahluka ngosayizi ngamunye. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uma abesifazane besigxivizo seBaikal bakhulu kunabesilisa, kulapho uphawu lweCaspian, kunalokho, abesilisa bakhulu.
Izinhlobo zezimpawu
Kunezinhlobo ezintathu zezimpawu:
- Kugeziwe, ohlala emanzini apholile olwandle lwasePacific nolwe-Atlantic nase-Arctic Ocean, kanti naseRussia itholakala kuzo zonke izilwandle ezisenyakatho, kanye nasezilwandle i-Okhotsk neBering.
- ICaspianokwandayo oLwandle iCaspian.
- IBaikal, ayitholakali kwenye indawo emhlabeni ngaphandle kweChibi iBaikal.
Zonke izinhlobo ezintathu zihlukile ngombala futhi, ngokwengxenye, ngosayizi: uphawu lweCaspian luncane kunazo zonke, ubukhulu balo bungamamitha ayi-1.3 ubude futhi bunesisindo esingama-86 kg.
Kuyathakazelisa! Abanye ososayensi basikisela ukuthi zonke izinhlobo zezimpawu zihlobene komunye nomunye ngemvelaphi efanayo, ngaphezu kwalokho, uphawu olunezinsimbi lubizwa ngokuthi ukhokho wezinhlobo zeCaspian neBaikal, ezafudukela eBaikal naseCaspian cishe eminyakeni eyizigidi ezimbili edlule futhi lapho zavela zaba izinhlobo ezimbili ezintsha.
Kodwa-ke, kukhona enye inguqulo, ngokusho kwezimpawu ezinezindandatho nezamaBaikal ezazivele zinokhokho ofanayo, owavela kamuva kunezinhlobo zaseCaspian zophawu.
Indawo yokuhlala
Uphawu oluhlanganisiwe
Ama-subspecies amane alesi sigxivizo atholakala ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezibandayo noma ezingaphansi komhlaba.
- I-Belomorskaya Uphawu lolu luhlala e-Arctic futhi luyisigaxa esiningi kakhulu e-Arctic Ocean.
- IsiBaltic Uphawu luhlala emanzini abandayo ezifundeni ezisenyakatho zeBaltic, ikakhulukazi, kungabonakala ngasogwini lwaseSweden, eFinland, e-Estonia naseRussia. Kwesinye isikhathi lesi silwane sibhukuda size siye ogwini lwaseJalimane.
- Amanye ama-subspecies amabili wophawu lwe-ringed yi ILadoga futhi saimaa, angamanzi ahlanzekile futhi ahlala eLake Ladoga naseLake Saimaa.
Uphawu lweCaspian
Kutholakala ngasogwini naseziqhingini ezinamadwala oLwandle iCaspian, ebusika kungabonakala kaningi nasezintabeni zeqhwa ezikhukhulekayo. Ngenkathi efudumele, ikwazi ngisho nokubhukuda emlonyeni weVolga nase-Urals.
Uphawu lweBaikal
Uncamela ukuhlala ezingxenyeni ezisenyakatho naphakathi zeLake Baikal... Iziqhingi zase-Ushkany zisetshenziswa njenge-rookery eyintandokazi, lapho ngoJuni ungabona khona uphawu olukhulu lwezimpawu.
Izimpawu, ngokuya ngohlobo lwazo, zihlala emanzini amasha noma anosawoti amachibi nolwandle, zikhetha lezo ezisezindaweni ezibandayo. Ngesikhathi sasebusika, izilwane zichitha isikhathi esiningi zisemanzini, futhi lapho kuqala intwasahlobo zisondela ngasogwini noma ziye emhlabathini, njengoba kwenza izimpawu zaseBaltic neCaspian.
Seal yokudla
Ngokuya ngezinhlobo nezindawo zokuhlala, lezi zilwane zingondla izinhlanzi ezahlukahlukene noma ezingenamgogodla:
- Kugeziwe izimvu zamanzi ezidla ama-crustaceans - ama-mysids nama-shrimps, kanye nezinhlanzi: i-Arctic cod, herring, smelt, whitefish, perches, gobies.
- ICaspian izimvu zamanzi ezidla izinhlanzi nama-crustaceans ahlala oLwandle iCaspian. Bazimisele ikakhulukazi ukudla i-herring encane ne-sprat - lezi zinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezakha iningi lokudla kwazo. Isabelo sama-crustaceans sincane - cishe siyi-1% yenani lokudla okuphelele.
- IBaikal izimvu zamanzi ezidla izinhlanzi ezingesona ezentengiselwano eziphakathi nendawo: ikakhulukazi i-golomyanka noma i-gobies.
Kuyathakazelisa! Phambilini, bekukholelwa ukuthi izimvu zamanzi zeBaikal zidala umonakalo omkhulu kubantu bezinhlanzi ezimhlophe, kepha, njengoba kwavela kamuva, bazithola ngengozi futhi inani eliphelele lezinhlanzi ze-sturgeon ekudleni kophawu alikho ngaphezu kwe-1-2%.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Ngokuya ngohlobo nocansi, izimvu zamanzi zifinyelela ekuvuthweni ngokocansi zineminyaka engama-3-7 ubudala, kuthi abesilisa bavuthwe kamuva kunabesifazane. Lezi zilwane ziletha amawundlu noma ngonyaka noma eminyakeni emi-2-3 ngemuva kokuzalwa kwangaphambilini. Kwenzeka ukuthi iphesenti elithile labesifazane lingakhiqizi inzalo ngemuva kokukhwelana. Njengomthetho, ama-10-20% wezimpawu zaseBaikal ahlushwa "yizinduna" ezinjalo minyaka yonke.
Izizathu zalokhu zisalokhu zingacacile: noma ngabe lokhu kungenxa yokulawulwa kwemvelo kwezinga lemfuyo, noma akubona bonke abesifazane abamise okwesikhashana ukukhula kwemibungu abakuqalisayo ngemuva kwesikhashana. Kungenzeka futhi ukuthi lo mkhuba ungahlanganiswa nezinye izifo ezidluliswa ngabesifazane noma izimo zokuphila ezingezinhle.
Izimpawu zivame ukukhwelana entwasahlobo, bese kuthi isikhathi sokukhulelwa sithathe izinyanga eziyi-9-11. Izinsikazi zizala eqhweni, ngalesi sikhathi zona namazinyane azo asanda kuzalwa zisengozini enkulu yezilwane ezizingelayo nabazingeli. Esikhathini esiningi, izimpawu zizala eyodwa, kepha kwesinye isikhathi amawundlu amabili noma amathathu, futhi umbala wezingane uhlukile kumbala wabantu abadala: ngokwesibonelo, amawundlu ophawu lweBaikal azalwa emhlophe, okuyilapho igama lawo livela khona - izimpawu.
Ekuqaleni, umama wondla ingane ngobisi, kuthi ngemuva kwalokho ithole lidluliselwe ekudleni kwabantu abadala okubandakanya izinhlanzi nezinambuzane ezingenamgogodla. Ngesikhathi lokhu kwenzeka, unesikhathi sokuncibilika ngokuphelele futhi aguqule umbala woboya aye kulokho okuzuzwa kubantu abadala. Ngaphambi kokubeletha, izimvu zamanzi zeBaikal zakha imigodi ekhethekile evela eqhweni, lapho zondla khona amazinyane ngobisi inyanga eyodwa noma inyanga nengxenye. Ngokuya ngezimo zezulu nezinga lokushisa, i-lactation ingahlala ezinyangeni ezi-2 kuye kweziyi-3.5.
Kuyathakazelisa! Uphawu yilo kuphela isilwane esaziyo ukuthi singamisa kanjani ngamabomu futhi siqale kabusha ukukhula kwe-intrauterine yamazinyane aso esikhathi esizayo. Esikhathini esiningi lokhu kwenzeka ebusika obude futhi obubanda kakhulu, lapho izingane ezizalwe ngesikhathi zimane nje zingakwazi ukuphila.
Abesilisa ababambiqhaza ekukhuliseni inzalo, kuyilapho abesifazane beqhubeka nokunakekela izingane baze bafunde ukuphila ngokuzimela. Ngemuva kokuthi amawundlu esuswe ebeleni kunina, uphawu lwensikazi lungaphinde luphathane, kepha kwesinye isikhathi inkathi yokuzala kwakhe ifika ngaphambi kwesikhathi: lapho iwundlu langaphambilini lisadla ubisi.
Izitha zemvelo
Kukholakala ukuthi Uphawu lweBaikal azikho izitha zemvelo emvelweni: umuntu kuphela oyingozi kuyo. Kodwa-ke, hhayi kaningi, kepha kuyenzeka ukuthi lezi zilwane zizingelwe ibhere elinsundu. Amantshontsho wezimvu zamanzi, avame ukufihlwa ngokuthembekile ngaphakathi komgodi, lapho umama engekho osethathe umhlalaphansi eyofuna ukudla, angaba yizisulu zezimpungushe, amasable noma izinkozi ezinomsila omhlophe.
Ngabe uphawu olubunjiweabahlala eqhweni lase-Arctic, kunezitha eziningi kakhulu. Yizimvu zamanzi okuyizinto eziyinhloko zokudla kwamabhere asezindaweni ezibandayo, nezimpungushe ezibandayo kanye nezinkumbi ezinkulu ezibandayo zizingela amawundlu azo. Emanzini, imikhomo ebulalayo kanye noshaka baseGreenland polar baba usongo kwizimpawu ezivaliwe. Kwesinye isikhathi ama-walrus nawo angazizingela.
Ngoba Uphawu lweCaspianizinkozi ziyingozi ikakhulukazi ezilwaneni ezisencane. Esikhathini esedlule, kube nezimo zokufa kwabantu abaningi kwezimpawu zaseCaspian eziye zaba yizisulu zezimpisi.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Njengamanje, izinhlobo ezimbili zezimpawu zamanzi - iBaikal neziringiwe, zingezinhlobo ezicebile impela futhi babelwe isikhundla sokukhathazeka Okungencane. Kodwa uphawu lweCaspian aluzange lube nenhlanhla kangako: ngenxa yemisebenzi yabantu yezomnotho, okuholela ekungcolisweni kweCaspian, lolu hlobo lusengozini yokuqothulwa. Futhi, yize okwamanje kwenziwa yonke imizamo yokubuyisa inani langaphambilini lezimpawu zaseCaspian, inani lazo lincipha ngokuqhubekayo unyaka nonyaka.
Izimpawu zahlala ziyinto ebalulekile yokudoba, kepha nguyena ekugcineni owaholela ekwehlisweni kwesibalo salezi zilwane. Futhi, yize okwamanje kwenziwa yonke imizamo yokuvimbela ukuphela kwezimpawu, olunye uhlobo lwazo lusongelwa ngokuqedwa ngokuphelele. Okwamanje, izimpawu ziyizilwane ezimangalisayo. Banobuntu obuphilayo nobunelukuluku futhi kulula ukubaqeqesha.
Ezimweni zemvelo, bathanda ukubhukuda baye emikhunjini ekhukhulekayo bese beyilandela.... Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi iminyaka yezimpawu ingabonwa kalula ngamasongo waminyaka yonke kuma-canines nakuzipho zawo. Futhi lesi yisici sabo esiyingqayizivele, hhayi isici sanoma yisiphi esinye isilwane emhlabeni.
