I-Salmon (lat. Salmonidae) bangabamele umndeni okuwukuphela kwawo we-oda le-Salmoniformes kanye nesigaba sezinhlanzi ezi-finned zikaRay.
Incazelo yesalmon
Wonke ama-salmonid asesigabeni sezinhlanzi ezikwazi kalula ukushintsha indlela yazo yokuphila, ukubukeka kwazo okujwayelekile, kanye nombala oyisici esiyinhloko, ngokuya ngezimo zezimo zangaphandle.
Ukubukeka
Ubude bomzimba obujwayelekile babantu abadala buyahlukahluka kusuka kumasentimitha ambalwa kuye kumamitha ambalwa, kanti isisindo esiphezulu singama-68-70 kg... Isakhiwo somzimba wabamele i-oda le-Salmoniformes sifana nokuvela kwezinhlanzi ze-oda elikhulu le-Herringiformes. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, kuze kube muva nje, umndeni wakwaSalmonidae ubekwe njenge-herring, kepha wabe usunikezwa i-oda elizimele ngokuphelele - amaSalmoniformes.
Umzimba wenhlanzi mude, unokucindezelwa okubonakalayo okuvela ezinhlangothini, embozwe ngama-cycloidal kanye nezikali eziyindilinga noma ezincanyana, eziwa kalula. Amaphiko okhalweni ayizinhlobo zemisebe yama-multi-ray, etholakala engxenyeni emaphakathi yesisu, kanti amaphiko ezinhlanzi zemifino yabantu abadala ayizinhlobo ezihleli phansi, ngaphandle kwemisebe ye-spiny. Amaphiko amabili enhlanzi asemuva amelwe yizinhlamvu zamanje nezilandelayo. Ukuba khona kwe-adipose fin encane kuyisici sesici futhi kungenye yezici ezivelele zabamele i-oda le-Salmoniformes.
Kuyathakazelisa! Isici esivelele se-dorsal fin yama-salmonids ubukhona bemisebe eyishumi kuya kwayishumi nesithupha, kanti abamele i-grayling banemisebe eyi-17-24.
Inhlanzi yokubhukuda yenhlanzi, njengomthetho, ixhunywe emgodini ngomsele okhethekile, futhi umlomo we-salmon unomngcele ongaphezulu onamathambo amane - ama-premaxillary amabili kanye namathambo ama-maxillary. Abesifazane bayahlukahluka kuma-oviducts ohlobo olujwayelekile noma abanalo nhlobo, ngakho-ke, wonke amaqanda avuthayo avela esibelethweni awela kalula emgodini womzimba. Amathumbu enhlanzi abonakala ngokuba khona kwama-pyloric appendages amaningi. Izinhlobo eziningi zinamajwabu amehlo asobala. Ama-salmonid amaningi ahlukile engxenyeni yamathambo engagcwaliswanga ngokuphelele, kanti ingxenye yogebhezi imelwe yizinhlayiya nezinqubo zokubambelela ezinganikezelwanga kuma-vertebrae.
Ukwahlukanisa, izinhlobo salmon
Umndeni wakwaSalmon umelwe yimikhaya emithathu:
- imikhakha emithathu yomndeni omncane weWhitefish;
- imikhakha eyisikhombisa yomndeni omncane wama-salmonids efanele;
- uhlobo olulodwa lomndeni omncane uGreyling.
Bonke abamele umndeni wakwaSalmonidae maphakathi nosayizi ophakathi, banamazikali amancane, kanye nomlomo omkhulu onamazinyo akhule kahle futhi aqinile. Uhlobo lokudla lwalo mndeni omncane luxubekile noma luyisilwane esidlayo.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko ze-salmon:
- I-American ne-arctic char, ngaphandle;
- I-salmon ebomvana;
- Ishkhan;
- Chum;
- Coho salmon, chinook salmon;
- ENyakatho Melika uChristiwomer;
- Imfucumfucu ensundu;
- ULenok;
- I-Steelhead Salmon, uClark;
- I-salmon ebomvu;
- I-salmon noma i-salmon yeNoble;
- USima noma uMazu;
- IDanube, iSakhalin Taimen.
Umehluko omkhulu phakathi komndeni wakwaSigi kanye nama-salmonids afanele umelwe ngemininingwane ekwakhekeni kogebhezi, umlomo omncane nezikali ezinkulu. Umndeni omncane uGreyling ubonakala ngokuba khona komphetho omude omude futhi ophakeme kakhulu, ongahle ubonakale njengeplume nombala ogqamile. Zonke izimpunga ziyizinhlanzi zasemanzini angenasawoti..
Ukuziphatha nendlela yokuphila
I-Salmon yizinhlanzi ezijwayelekile ze-anadromous ezihlala zihlala olwandle noma emanzini echibi, futhi zikhuphuka zingene emifuleni kuphela ngenhloso yokuzala. Umsebenzi obalulekile wezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene uyefana, kepha unezici ezithile ezithile. Njengomthetho, lapho ifinyelela eminyakeni emihlanu, ama-salmon angena emanzini asheshayo ama-rapids nemifula, kwesinye isikhathi enyuka ngomfula amakhilomitha amaningana. Imininingwane yesikhashana yokungena kwesalmon emanzini omfula ayifani futhi ingahluka kakhulu.
Okokugxilisa emanzini omfula ngesikhathi sokubeletha kwangaphambi kokuzalela, ama-salmon akhetha ikakhulukazi hhayi izindawo ezijule kakhulu futhi hhayi ezisheshayo, ezibonakala ngokuba khona kwenhlabathi eyisihlabathi noma amatshe aphansi. Esikhathini esiningi, lezi zindawo zitholakala eduze nendawo yokuzala, kepha ngaphezu kwama-rapids noma ama-rapids.
Kuyathakazelisa! Emanzini olwandle, i-salmon iyakwazi ukuthuthukisa isivinini esanele ngokwanele lapho ihamba - ibanga elingamakhilomitha ayikhulu ngosuku olulodwa, kodwa emfuleni ijubane lokuhamba kwalezi zinhlanzi linciphisa kakhulu.
Ngenkathi yokuhlala ezindaweni ezinjalo, i-salmon "lag", ngakho-ke umbala wabo uba mnyama ngokuphawulekayo futhi kwakheka ingwegwe emhlathini, obizwa kakhulu emadodeni alo mndeni. Umbala wenyama yenhlanzi ngalesi sikhathi uba mncane, futhi inani eliphelele lamafutha lincipha ngesici, okungenxa yokuntuleka kokudla okwanele.
Isikhathi sokuphila
Isikhathi sokuphila sama-salmonid asikho ngaphezu kweminyaka eyishumi, kepha ezinye izinhlobo ziyakwazi ukuphila cishe ikota yekhulu leminyaka.... UTaimi njengamanje ubambe irekhodi lobukhulu bomzimba kanye nesikhathi esiphakathi sokuphila. Kuze kube manje, umuntu walolu hlobo ubhaliswe ngokusemthethweni, enesisindo serekhodi eli-105 kg elinobude bomzimba obungu-2.5 m.
Indawo yokuhlala
Ama-salmon ahlala cishe kuyo yonke ingxenye esenyakatho yomhlaba, yingakho kukhona intshisekelo yokuhweba esebenzayo kuleyo nhlanzi.
U-Ishkhan, inhlanzi eyigugu enkulu, uhlala emanzini eLake Sevan. Ukudoba ngobuningi benkosi ebusayo yePacific expanses - chum salmon - kwenziwa hhayi ezweni lethu kuphela, kodwa naseMelika.
Izindawo eziyinhloko ze-trout ensundu zihlanganisa imifula eminingi yaseYurophu, kanye namanzi oLwandle oluMhlophe, iBaltic, iBlack kanye ne-Aral. UMasu noma uSima ungumhlali wengxenye yase-Asia yamanzi asePacific, kanti inhlanzi enkulu kakhulu iTaimen ihlala kuyo yonke imifula eSiberia.
Ukudla kwama-salmon
Ukudla kwamaSalmonids kuhluka kakhulu. Njengomthetho, esiswini sabantu abadala, kunezinhlanzi ezincane ze-pelagic nezinwele zazo, kanye nama-crustaceans ahlukahlukene, ama-molluscs ezinamaphiko e-pelagic, ama-squid juveniles nezibungu. Kancane kancane, ama-jellies amancane we-comb ne-jellyfish anikezwa izinhlanzi ezindala.
Isibonelo, ukudla okuyinhloko kwe-salmon yentsha kuvame ukumelelwa yizibungu zezinambuzane ezahlukahlukene zasemanzini. Kodwa-ke, i-parr iyakwazi ukondla kanye nezinye izinhlanzi ezidliwayo, i-sculpin nezinhlobo eziningi zezinhlanzi ezincane. Ukudla kwama-salmonids kungahluka kakhulu ngokwesizini nendawo okuhlala kuyo.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Emanzini omfula asenyakatho, isikhathi sokuzala senzeka engxenyeni yesibili kaSepthemba noma ngo-Okthoba, ngamazinga okushisa wamanzi aphakathi kuka-0-8 ° C. Ezingxenyeni eziseningizimu, amaSalmonid azala kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya kuJanuwari, ekushiseni kwamanzi okungu-3-13 ° C. ICaviar ifakwa emakhebuli ambiwe enhlabathini engezansi, ngemuva kwalokho ayifafazwa kakhulu ngenhlanganisela esuselwa ematsheni nasesihlabathini.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ukuziphatha kwama-salmonid ngesikhathi sokufuduka nokuzala kuyashintsha, ngakho-ke, ngesikhathi sokukhuphuka, inhlanzi isebenza kakhulu, idlala ngokuqinile futhi ingagxuma iphume emanzini ngokwanele, kepha eduze kwenqubo yokuzala, ukweqa okunjalo kuyaqabukela ngokwedlulele.
Ngemuva kokuzala, inhlanzi iyancipha futhi iba buthakathaka ngokushesha, ngenxa yalokho ingxenye enkulu yayo iyafa, futhi bonke abantu abasindile bayangena olwandle noma emanzini echibi, kepha bangahlala emifuleni kuze kufike intwasahlobo.
Emifuleni, ama-salmonid aqhamukayo awahambi kude nendawo yokuzala, kepha ayakwazi ukuthuthela ezindaweni ezijule kakhulu nezinokuthula. Ngentwasahlobo, abantu abasha bavela emaqandeni azalisiwe, afana nokubukeka njenge-pied trout... Emanzini omfula achithwa unyaka owodwa kuya kwemihlanu.
Ngaleso sikhathi, abantu bangakhula bafike ku-15-18 cm ubude. Ngaphambi kokugingqika olwandle noma emanzini echibi, izingane zilahlekelwa umbala wazo onamachashazi bese isikali sithola umbala osiliva. Kusolwandle nasemachibini lapho i-salmon iqala ukondla ngenkuthalo futhi isisindo ngokushesha.
Izitha zemvelo
Amaqanda namazinyane amakiwe ayizisulu ezilula zempunga yabantu abadala, itrout brown, ipike kanye ne-burbot. Inani eliningi labafuduki abangaphansi komfula badliwa kakhulu ngama-gull noma ezinye izinyoni ezivamile ezidla izinhlanzi. Emanzini olwandle, izitha zemvelo ze-salmon zifaka i-cod, i-salmon nophawu lwentshebe, kanye nezinye izidalwa.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Njengamanje, kunezici eziningana ezibucayi ezithinta kabi inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo. Umphumela wezinhlanzi zokuzingela ngokungemthetho ezindaweni ezizalela kuzo ukuphazanyiswa kokuzalelwa, kanye nokucekelwa phansi kwabantu bonke... Kwaphawulwa ukuthi ukuzingela ngokungemthetho akulimazi nje kuphela kululaza ukwakheka kwezakhi zofuzo nokukhiqizwa kwe-salmon, kodwa futhi kunamandla okwenqaba ngisho nemifula emikhulu yabantu bonke bezinhlanzi ezinjalo iminyaka eminingana.
Izimo ezingezinhle zibandakanya nemisinga yolwandle eqinile nemisinga, ukuntuleka kokudla, ukudoba ngokweqile nokungcoliswa komlomo womfula. Amafry Salmon avame ukubhujiswa ukungcoliswa kwezolimo, ezasemadolobheni nezimboni. Njengamanje, okulandelayo kubhalwe kuRed Book: iSakhalin kanye ne-Oriminary taimen, iLalm salmon, iMikizha neMalorotaya palia, i-Eisenam trout neKumzha, kanye neSvetovidova neDavatchan.
Inani lokuhweba
Namuhla, izinhloso zokudoba yiLolets neGorbusha, kanye nenhlanzi emnandi i-Ishkhan, i-Keta noma i-salmon yaseMpumalanga Ekude, iSalmon nezinye izinhlobo ezinenyama ebaluleke kakhulu, enomsoco, enambithekayo ne-caviar.
