Amandla nobuhle, ukuzola kanye nekhono lokuqaqa okumangazayo - konke lokhu kuyi-cougar, elinye lamakati ahlaba umxhwele emhlabeni (indawo yesi-4 ngemuva kwengonyama, i-jaguar ne-tiger). EMelika, i-jaguar kuphela enkulu kune-cougar, ebizwa nangokuthi i-cougar noma ibhubesi lentaba.
Incazelo ye-cougar
I-Puma concolor - leli yigama lohlobo lwesiLatini, lapho ingxenye yesibili ihunyushwa ngokuthi "umbala owodwa", futhi lesi sitatimende siyiqiniso uma sibheka umbala ngokungabikho kwephethini. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, isilwane asibukeki siyi-monochrome ngokuphelele: ingxenye ephezulu iqhathanisa nesisu esilula, futhi indawo emhlophe yesilevu nomlomo ibonakala ngokucacile embusweni.
Ukubukeka
Indoda endala icishe ibe yingxenye yesithathu enkulu kunensikazi futhi isisindo sayo singama-60-80 kg ngobude obungamamitha ayi-1-1.8... Ezinye izibonelo zithola u-100-105 kg. I-cougar ingu-0.6-0.9 m ubude, futhi umsila, umsila we-pubescent ngokulinganayo ungu-0.6-0.75 m. I-cougar inomzimba ovulekile futhi oguquguqukayo, othweswe ikhanda elilinganayo elinezindlebe eziyindilinga. I-cougar inamehlo abukisisa futhi inamehlo amahle amnyama. Umbala wezinhla ze-iris kusuka ku-hazel nokumpunga okukhanyayo kuye kokuluhlaza.
Imilenze ebanzi yangemuva (enezinzwane ezine) inkulu kakhulu kunaleyo engaphambili, inezinzwane ezi-5. Izinzwani zihlome ngozipho olugobile nolubukhali oluhoxa njengawo wonke amakati. Kudingeka izinzipho ezihlehlekayo ukubamba nokubamba isisulu, kanye nokugibela iziqu. Ijazi lebhubesi lentaba lifushane, limahhadlahhadla, kodwa likhulu, lisikhumbuza umbala wenyamazane yalo enkulu - inyamazane. Kubantu abadala, ingaphansi lomzimba lilula kakhulu kunaphezulu.
Kuyathakazelisa! Imibala egqamile ibomvu, mpunga nsundu, inesihlabathi futhi nsundu ngokuphuzi. Ukumakwa okumhlophe kuyabonakala entanyeni, esifubeni nasesiswini.
Amachwane anemibala ehlukile: uboya bawo obukhulu bunamachashazi amnyama, acishe abe mnyama, kunemivimbo ngaphambili nasemilenzeni yangemuva, namasongo asemsileni. Umbala wepumas nawo uthintekile yisimo sezulu. Labo abahlala ezifundeni ezishisayo bakhipha umbala obomvu, kuyilapho abasezifundeni ezisenyakatho bevame ukukhombisa amathoni ampunga.
Ama-cougar subspecies
Kuze kube ngo-1999, izazi zezinto eziphilayo zazisebenza ngokuhlukaniswa okudala kwama-cougars, ngokuya ngezici zawo zokuziphatha kanye nezinhlobonhlobo ezicishe zibe ngu-30. Ukwahlukaniswa kwesimanje (okususelwa ocwaningweni lofuzo) kwenze kwaba lula ukubalwa ngokunciphisa zonke izinhlobo zama-cougars kwaba ama-subspecies ayi-6 kuphela, afakwe kwinani elifanayo lamaqembu we-phylogeographic.
Kalula nje, izilwane ezidlayo ziyahlukahluka kokubili kuma-genomes nasekunamathelweni kwazo endaweni ethile:
- I-Puma concolor costaricensis - iMelika Ephakathi;
- I-Puma concolor couguar - eNyakatho Melika;
- I-Puma concolor cabrerae - iNingizimu Melika eseNingizimu;
- IPuma concolor capricornensis - ingxenye esempumalanga yeNingizimu Melika;
- IPuma concolor puma - ingxenye eseningizimu yeNingizimu Melika;
- I-Puma concolor concolor yingxenye esenyakatho yeNingizimu Melika.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-Puma concolor coryi, i-cougar yaseFlorida ehlala emahlathini / emaxhaphozini aseNingizimu Florida, ithathwa njengama-subspecies ayivelakancane.
Ukuhlungwa okuphezulu kakhulu kwaphawulwa kwi-Big Cypress National Preserve (USA)... Ngo-2011, bangaphezu kuka-160 kuphela abantu ababehlala lapha, yingakho lezi zinhlotshana zabhalwa ohlwini lwe-IUCN Red List olwalunesimo "sokusengozini enkulu" (esesimeni esibucayi). Ukunyamalala kwe-cougar yaseFlorida, ngokusho kwezazi zebhayoloji, kuyiphutha lomuntu owakhipha amaxhaphozi wamzingela ngenxa yezemidlalo. Ukuzala, lapho izilwane ezihlobene eduze zihlangana (ngenxa yabantu abancane), nakho kube nomthelela ekuqothulweni.
Indlela yokuphila, umlingiswa
Ama-Cougars angama-loners anezimiso ahlangana kuphela ngesikhathi sokukhwelana bese engeqi esontweni. Izinsikazi ezinamazinyane nazo ziyahlangana. Abesilisa abadala ababona abangane: lokhu kuyisici sezishukela ezisencane ezisanda kweqa umphetho kanina. Ubuningi babantu bunomthelela ekubeni khona komdlalo: i-cougar eyodwa ingasebenza kuma-85 km², nezidluli ezingaphezu kweshumi nambili endaweni encane.
Njengomthetho, indawo yokuzingela yabesifazane ithatha kusuka kuma-26 kuye kuma-350 km², aseduze nendawo yowesilisa. Umkhakha lapho ukuzingelwa kwabesilisa kukhulu khona (140-760 km²) futhi awukaze uhlangane nendawo yembangi. Imigqa ibhalwe umchamo / indle nokuklwebheka kwezihlahla. I-cougar ishintsha indawo yayo ngaphakathi kwesayithi kuye ngesizini. Amabhubesi asezintabeni aguqulelwe kahle empilweni ezindaweni ezimbi: zingama-jumpers amahle kakhulu (ahamba phambili kunawo wonke ama-feline) kokubili ngobude nokuphakama.
Amarekhodi e-Cougar:
- ukugxuma okude - 7.5 m;
- ukugxuma okuphezulu - 4.5 m;
- gxuma ukusuka ekuphakameni - i-18 m (njengophahla lwesakhiwo esinezitezi ezinhlanu).
Kuyathakazelisa! ICougar iyashesha iye ku-50 km / h, kepha iphuma ngokushesha, kepha inqobe kalula imithambeka yezintaba, ikhuphuke kahle amadwala nezihlahla. Ama-Cougars, ebalekela izinja ezingwadule eziseningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-United States, aze agibela i-cacti enkulu. Isilwane futhi sibhukuda kahle, kepha asikhombisi isithakazelo esikhulu kulo mdlalo.
I-puma izingela kusihlwa, ikhetha ukuwisa isisulu phansi ngegxuma elilodwa elinamandla, kuthi ngesikhathi sasemini isilwane silale emgodini, sishiswe yilanga noma sizikhothe njengawo wonke amakati. Kwaphela isikhathi eside kunezindaba mayelana nokukhala okubandayo okwenziwe yi-cougar, kepha konke kwaba yindaba eqanjiwe. Ukukhala okukhulu kakhulu kwenzeka phakathi nesikhathi sokubamba, kanti isikhathi esisele isilwane silinganiselwe ekubhongweni, ekukhaleni, ekuhosheni, ekuthimuleni nasekuseni okujwayelekile "meow".
Isikhathi sokuphila
Endle, i-cougar ingaphila ibe neminyaka eyi-18-20 uma ingaweli ekubukeni kwesibhamu sokuzingela noma ekubambeni kwesilwane esikhudlwana.
Indawo yokuhlala, izindawo zokuhlala
Yiyo kuphela ikati lasendle eMelika, elihlala endaweni ende kunazo zonke ezwenikazi.... Emakhulwini amaningi eminyaka ngaphambili, i-cougar yayitholakala endaweni enkulu ukusuka eningizimu yePatagonia (Argentina) kuya eCanada nase-Alaska. Kulezi zinsuku, uhla luye lwancipha kakhulu, futhi manje ama-cougars (uma sikhuluma nge-United States naseCanada) atholakala eFlorida kuphela, kanye nasezifundeni ezisentshonalanga ezinabantu abaningi. Kuyiqiniso, indawo yezintshisakalo zabo ezibalulekile kuseyiNingizimu Melika yonkana.
Izazi zezilwane zaqaphela ukuthi ibanga le-cougar liphindaphinda ibanga lokusatshalaliswa kwezinyamazane zasendle, into yalo eyinhloko yokudoba. Akumangalisi ukuthi umhlaseli ubizwa ngokuthi ingonyama yasentabeni - uthanda ukuhlala emahlathini asezintabeni eziphakeme (kuze kufike ku-4700 m ngaphezu kolwandle), kepha akagwemi amathafa. Into esemqoka ukuthi izinyamazane neminye imidlalo yefolishi kufanele itholakale ngobuningi endaweni ekhethiwe.
Ama-Cougars ahlala ezindaweni ezahlukene ezinjenge:
- amahlathi emvula;
- amahlathi e-coniferous;
- pampas;
- amathafa anotshani;
- izindawo ezingamaxhaphozi ezinamaxhaphozi.
Yiqiniso, ama-cougars amancane aseNingizimu Melika ayesaba ukuvela ezindaweni ezingamaxhaphozi lapho ama-jaguar azingela khona.
Ukudla kwe-Cougar
Isilo sihamba siyozingela uma sekumnyama futhi ngokujwayelekile siqamekela ukuze sigxume kakhulu kule ndawo. Ukuhlangana okuvulekile nenkunzi noma induku kunzima ku-cougar, ngakho-ke usebenzisa into emangazayo, ukuyivikela ngokugxuma okunembile emhlane wesisulu. Uma usuphezulu, i-cougar, ngenxa yesisindo sayo, isonta intamo yayo noma (njengamanye amakati) imbe amazinyo ayo emphinjeni nasemiklingeni. Ukudla kwe-cougar ikakhulukazi kunezilwane ezincelisayo ezingafakwanga, kepha kwesinye isikhathi iyakuhlukanisa namagundane nezinye izilwane. I-cougar nayo ibonakale idla abantu.
Imenyu yengonyama yasentabeni ibukeka kanjena:
- izinyamazane (umsila omhlophe, umsila omnyama, amapampasi, i-caribou ne-wapiti);
- ama-moose, izinkunzi nezimvu ezinkulu;
- izingungumbane, ama-sloth nama-possum;
- onogwaja, izingwejeje namagundane;
- ama-beavers, ama-muskrats kanye ne-agouti;
- ocelemba, ama-armadillos nama-raccoon;
- izinkawu, ama-lynx nama-coyotes.
I-cougar ayinqabi izinyoni, inhlanzi, izinambuzane neminenke. Ngasikhathi sinye, akesabi ukuhlasela ama-barbali, ama-alligator nama-grizzlies abantu abadala. Ngokungafani nezingwe namahlosi, kuma-cougar akukho mehluko phakathi kwezilwane ezifuywayo nezasendle: lapho kunokwenzeka khona, usika imfuyo / izinkukhu, angagcini namakati nezinja.
Kuyathakazelisa! Ngonyaka, i-cougar eyodwa idla kusuka ku-860 kuya ku-1300 kg wenyama, okulingana nesisindo esiphelele sama-ungulates angaba ngamashumi amahlanu. Uhlala ehudula isidumbu esidliwe uhhafu ukufihla (embozwe nge-brushwood, amahlamvu noma iqhwa) abuyele kuso kamuva.
I-cougar inomkhuba omubi wokubulala umdlalo ngenqolobane, okungukuthi, ngevolumu edlula kude nezidingo zayo. AmaNdiya, abekwazi ngalokhu, abuke ukunyakaza kwesilwane esidlayo asuse izidumbu ezigwazwe nguye, imvamisa engathintwa ngokuphelele.
Ukuzala nenzalo
Kukholakala ukuthi amabhubesi asezintabeni awanaso isikhathi esinqunyiwe sokuzalisa, futhi kuphela ko-cougars abahlala ezindaweni ezisenyakatho, kunohlaka oluthile - lesi isikhathi kusuka kuDisemba kuya kuMashi. Abesifazane babekelwe ukukhwelana izinsuku ezingaba yisi-9. Ukuthi ama-cougars asemsebenzini wokufuna umlingani kufakazelwa ukukhala okukhipha inhliziyo kwabesilisa nokulwa kwabo. Owesilisa uhlangabezana nazo zonke izinsikazi ezingama-estrus ezizulazula endaweni yakhe.
I-cougar ithwala inzalo kusuka ezinsukwini ezingama-82 kuya kwezingama-96, izala amazinyane angu-6, ngayinye enesisindo esingu-0.2-0.4 kg futhi ingu-0.3 m ubude. Emavikini ambalwa, izingane ezisanda kuzalwa zikubona ukukhanya bese zibheka umhlaba ngamehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kamuva, umbala wesibhakabhaka we-iris ushintshela ku-amber noma empunga. Ngesikhathi senyanga eyodwa nohhafu, amantshontsho asevele eqhume amazinyo ashintshela ekudleni kwabantu abadala, kodwa awenqabi ubisi lukamama. Umsebenzi onzima kakhulu ubhekene nomama, ophoqeleka ukuthwala inyama ayise emawundeni akhe asekhulile (kathathu ngaphezu kwakhe).
Lapho unezinyanga eziyi-9, amabala amnyama aqala ukunyamalala engutsheni yamazinyane, anyamalale ngokuphelele eneminyaka emibili... Amantshontsho awamshiyi unina aze abe neminyaka engaba ngu-1.5-2 ubudala, bese ehlakazeka efuna amasayithi awo. Ishiya unina, ama-cougars amancane ahlala emaqenjini amancane isikhashana futhi ekugcineni ahlakazeke, angene esikhathini sokuthomba. Kwabesifazane, ukuzala kwenzeka eminyakeni emi-2,5, kwabesilisa - ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kamuva.
Izitha zemvelo
I-cougar ayinayo nhlobo leyo. Ngokwelula okuthile, izidlakela ezinkulu ezinjalo zingabangelwa izifiso zazo zemvelo:
- ama-jaguar;
- izimpisi (ngamaphakethe);
- i-grizzly;
- ama-caimans amnyama;
- Izingwenya zaseMississippi.
Kuyathakazelisa! I-cougar ikhuthazelela ngokuqinile ukuhlukunyezwa kwesicupho (ngokungafani ne-jaguar ehlanya nengwe). Wenza imizamo eminingana yokuzikhulula, ngemuva kwalokho uzinikela esikhundleni sakhe futhi uhlala anganyakazi kuze kufike umzingeli.
Zonke lezi zilwane zivame ukuhlasela ama-cougars abuthakathaka noma amancane. Esinye sezitha ze-cougar umuntu oshutha futhi abeke izingibe kuso.
UPuma nendoda
U-Theodore Roosevelt wadala umphakathi wokuvikela izilwane, kepha ngasizathu simbe wayengazithandi izikhova futhi (ngokusekelwa yinhloko yeZoological Society yaseNew York) wabavumela ukuthi babhujiswe bengajeziswa ezweni lonke. Abazingeli kwakungadingeki bancenge isikhathi eside, futhi amakhulu ezinkulungwane zama-cougars abhujiswa endaweni yaseMelika, yize isilwane uqobo sigwema umuntu futhi simhlasela ngokungavamile... Sekukonke, e-United States naseCanada (kusuka ngo-1890 kuya ku-2004) kwakukhona ukuhlaselwa kwama-cougar okungaphansi kwekhulu, iningi lawo elenzeka cishe. IVancouver.
Endaweni ye-cougar, kufanele kuqashelwe izinyathelo zokuqapha:
- ukuqapha izingane;
- phatha induku eqinile;
- ungahambi wedwa;
- lapho esongelwa, akufanele abalekele i-cougar: umuntu kufanele ambheke ngqo emehlweni futhi ... hhewula.
Kufakazelwe ukuthi isilo siyabesaba abantu abade. Njengomthetho, izinhloso zokuhlaselwa kwakhe yizingane noma abantu abadala abangaphansi kokuwela umzila we-cougar ebumnyameni.
Inani labantu kanye nesimo sezinhlobo
Ngenxa yezinyathelo zokuzivikela (kusukela ngo-1971, ama-cougars abengaphansi kokuvikelwa kombuso), abantu bayalulama kancane kancane. Ukuzingela izikhova kuvinjelwe noma kunqunyelwe kulo lonke elaseMelika, kepha zisadutshulwa, ngenxa yomonakalo owenziwe ezindaweni zokuzingela kanye nemfuyo.
Ngaphandle kokudutshulwa ngezikhathi ezithile nezinguquko kwezemvelo, ezinye izinhlobo ze-cougar zikhuphule izinombolo zazo, njengoba zivumelane nezindawo ezazingajwayelekile phambilini. Isibonelo, inani lama-cougar selivuselelekile, elihlala entshonalanga ye-United States futhi labhujiswa khona ngekhulu elidlule. Kulezi zinsuku, isibala cishe izidalwa eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-30, eziqale ukukhula okusebenzayo kwezifunda ezisempumalanga naseningizimu.
Kuyathakazelisa!Kodwa-ke, ama-subspecies amathathu (i-Puma concolor coryi, i-Puma concolor couguar yonke ne-Puma concolor costaricensis) asafakwa ohlwini lweSithasiselo I se-CITES ezilwaneni ezisengozini.
Futhi into yokugcina. Ama-daredevils amaningi ngokwengeziwe athatha imfundo yamazinyane amahle e-cougar... Imfashini ithinta abamele izilwane nezilwane eziyingozi. Ukuphela kwemizamo yokuthambisa izilwane zasendle, siyazi ngesibonelo somndeni wakwaBerberov.
