I-Crossbones (i-Loxia) yizinyoni ezincane ezinomndeni wezintaka (i-Fringillidae) ne-oda labadlulayo (ama-Passeriformes). Kwabaningi, inyoni ejwayelekile ezweni lethu yaziwa kahle ngaphansi kwegama elingajwayelekile elithi "upholi osenyakatho".
Incazelo nokubukeka
Zonke izinhlobo zama-crossbill zingezinyoni ezisuka ekuhlelweni kwabantu abadlulayo, nokwakheka komzimba wazo kufana nondlunkulu, kepha kukhulu kancane kuzo... Umsila waleyo nyoni mfushane ngosayizi, unokusikwa okumise okwenziwe ngemfoloko. Ikhanda likhulu ngokwedlulele. Izidladla eziqinile neziqinile zivumela le nyoni ukuba ibambelele kalula emagatsheni ezihlahla, futhi ize ilenga ibheke phansi isikhathi eside.
Umbala wezimpaphe ze-crossbill yesilisa muhle kakhulu futhi uyajabulisa - okusajingijolo okubomvu noma okubomvu okumsulwa. Kusona sonke isisu sale nyoni, kunemivimbo yombala onsundu ngokumpunga. Kepha izimpaphe zabesifazane zinesizotha ngokwengeziwe, ngemibala eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nampunga futhi zinokuluhlaza ophuzi ngokuluhlaza ezimpapheni. Ama-crossbill amancane nawo anombala ompunga ongathandeki nezinhlamvu eziguquguqukayo.
Okuqaphelekayo uqhwaku lwe-crossbill, olubonakala ngomumo ongajwayelekile. Ingaphansi naphezulu koqhwaku kucishe kugudlane, okwenza kube ithuluzi elinamandla kakhulu lokuvuna imbewu kalula esikalini sehlumela esihlanganiswe ngci.
Izinhlobo zama-crossbill
Kuze kube manje, izinhlobo eziyisithupha ze-crossbill zifundwe kahle futhi zivame kakhulu:
- i-spruce crossbill noma ejwayelekile (iLokhia curvirostra) inyoni yengoma yehlathi. Abesilisa banezimpaphe ezinkulu ezibomvu noma ezibomvu klebhu kanye ne-underbelly embala omhlophe. Abesifazane babonakala ngombala ompunga oluhlaza okotshani okuluhlaza ophuzi nohlaza okotshani ezimpapheni. Inyoni encane iyimpunga, inezimpondo, kuthi abesilisa abenza unyaka wokuqala babe nezimpaphe eziphuzi ngokusawolintshi. Umthethosivivinywa awuminyene kakhulu, uvulekile, awugobile kangako, awwelekanga kancane. Ikhanda likhulu ngokwanele;
- I-pine crossbill (iLokhia pytyorsittacus) ihlathi, inyoni enkulu yezingoma enkulu enobude bomzimba obungu-16-18 cm nombala wesici sezimpaphe. Umehluko omkhulu uboniswa ngomlomo omkhulu kakhulu, oqukethe i-mandible ewugqinsi kanye ne-mandible ephezulu. Ingxenye engenhla yomlomo ibuthuntu. Izinsikazi zalolu hlobo nazo ziyacula, kepha buthule futhi ngokufana;
- I-crossbill enamaphiko amhlophe (i-Lohia leucortŠµra) iyinyoni yengoma, inyoni enesilinganiso esiphakathi, enobude bomzimba ngaphakathi kwe-14-16cm. Izinhlobonhlobo zibonakala nge-dimorphism yezocansi evezwe kakhulu. Abesifazane banezimpaphe eziphuzi, kanti abesilisa banezimpaphe ezibomvu klebhu noma ezibomvu njengezitini. Izimpiko zimnyama ngemigqa emhlophe;
- I-crossbill yaseScotland (iLochia sotica) ukuphela kwendawo e-UK. Inyoni emaphakathi ngobude bomzimba eyi-15-17 cm enesisindo esimaphakathi esingu-50 g. Imilomo engenhla nengezansi yeqiwe.
Futhi, izinhlobo zimelwe yi-Lochia megaplaga Riley noma i-crossbill yaseSpain, ne-Lochia sibiris Pallas noma i-crossbill yaseSiberia.
Indawo yokuhlala nezindawo zokuhlala
Ama-spruce crossbill ahlala ezindaweni ezinamahlathi e-coniferous eYurophu, kanye naseNyakatho-Ntshonalanga Afrika, enyakatho nasenkabeni ye-Asia neMelika, ePhilippines kanye nasendaweni eyayiyiSoviet Union yangaphambili. Uthanda ama-coniferous futhi axubekile, ikakhulukazi amahlathi esihlahla sonwele saseYurophu emi.
I-pine crossbill ihlala emahlathini e-coniferous pine... Izidleke ngamanani amakhulu eScandinavia nasengxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga yeYurophu. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zivame kakhulu kune-spruce crossbill. Indawo yokuhlala yesiphambano esinamaphiko amhlophe yi-taiga yaseRussia, iScandinavia neNyakatho Melika. Lezi zinhlobonhlobo zithanda izindawo zamahlathi ezinesisekelo se-larch.
Indlela yokuphila yeCrossbill
I-Klest iyinyoni yasehlathini ehamba phambili, kunalokho ehambayo, enamahloni futhi enomsindo. Abantu abadala bandiza ngokushesha, besebenzisa umzila we-wavy endizeni. Isici se-crossbill yindlela yokuphila yokuhambahamba. Imihlambi ivame ukundiza isuka kwenye indawo iye kwenye ifuna indawo ekhiqiza ngokwengeziwe.
Kuyathakazelisa!UKlest ungowezinyoni zasehlathini zesigaba sesibili se-rarity, ngakho-ke kushiwo emakhasini eRed Book of Moscow.
Izitha zemvelo ze-crossbill, kanjalo, azikho, ngenxa yokusetshenziswa njalo kwembewu ye-coniferous yokudla. Le nyoni, ngakho-ke, lapho isempilweni, iyaziqomisa uqobo lwayo, ngakho-ke inyama yezinyoni ezinjalo ayinambitheki, ibaba kakhulu, ayinazintshisakalo kunoma iziphi izilwane ezizingelayo. Ngemuva kokufa, i-crossbill ayiboli, kepha iyagquma, ngenxa yokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-resin emzimbeni.
Ukudla, i-crossbill yokudla
Ama-crossbill yizinyoni ezibonakala ngohlobo lokudla olukhethekile kakhulu. Zonke izinhlobo zinomlomo ocijwe ngokucijile, ohlangana nomlomo, ngakho-ke isisekelo sokudla yimbewu etholakala ezigaqweni zezihlahla ze-coniferous.
Futhi, i-crossbill ivame ukukhipha imbewu ye-sunflower. Kuyinto engavamile kakhulu ukuba inyoni yalolu hlobo idle izinambuzane, njengomthetho, ama-aphid.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ehlobo, lapho kunesisekelo sokudla esilinganiselwe, ama-crossbill ayakwazi ukubamba imbewu otshanini basendle, futhi eminyakeni ethile imihlambi yezinyoni ezinjalo ingadala umonakalo omkhulu ekutshalweni kwezitshalo ezitshaliwe.
Ukukhiqizwa kwama-crossbill
Endaweni yendawo emaphakathi yezwe lethu, ama-crossbill, njengomthetho, aqala inqubo yokwakha isidleke ngoMashi. Isidleke esiphindaphindwayo siyabonakala eminyakeni eyishumi edlule yehlobo noma ekwindla yokuqala, ngesivuno sangesikhathi esisodwa selarch nophayini. Ebusika, kusuka ngoDisemba kuya kuMashi, izinyoni zakha izidleke kuphela ezifundeni ezinesivuno esikhulu kakhulu sembewu. Cishe zonke izinhlobo ziyazala kungakhathalekile isikhathi sonyaka.
Izinyoni zihlela izidleke emqhele ominyene wezihlahla ze-coniferous, imvamisa ezihlahleni zikaKhisimusi futhi kaningi kangako ezihlahleni zikaphayini, eziphakeme ngo-2-10 m ukusuka ezingeni lomhlabathi... Ingxenye yonke yangaphandle yesidleke yenziwa kusetshenziswe amahlumela we-spruce amancane, futhi ingxenye yangaphakathi ibekwe ngamagatsha we-thinnest, i-moss kanye ne-lichen. Udoti wethreyi esidlekeni esiphelile umelwe yiboya bezilwane nenani elincane lezimpaphe zezinyoni. Ububanzi obuphakathi kwesidleke bungu-12-13cm ngobude obungu-8-10cm nosayizi wethreyi ongu-7.2x5.2cm.
Njengomthetho, i-clutch ye-crossbill ingamaqanda amathathu noma amahlanu anombala omhlophe njengeqhwa onombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nokulinganisa u-22x16mm. Kunemigqa ebomvu ngokubomvu ebusweni bamaqanda. Isikhathi sokufukamela amaqanda abekiwe kungamaviki ambalwa, lapho insikazi isesidlekeni, kuthi owesilisa athole ukudla bese emondla.
Amachwane achanyuswayo ambozwe ngomphunga ojiyile grey. Izinsuku ezimbalwa zokuqala insikazi ishisa amaphuphu, bese kuthi, kanye nowesilisa, iqale ukundiza iphume esidlekeni ifuna ukudla.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ukondla amaphuphu, kusetshenziswa imbewu yama-conifers ahlukahlukene athambile ku-goiter owesilisa nowesifazane.
Indiza yokuqala yenziwa amaphuphu eneminyaka eyamasonto amathathu. Kule minyaka, izinyoni ezincane azindizeli kude futhi zihlala ubusuku bonke esidlekeni sazo.
Ngisho namachwane ashiya isidleke ekuqaleni ayondliwa ngabazali.
Ukugcinwa kwe-Crossbill ekhaya
Ababamba izinyoni bayakwazisa ukuwela okunqamulelayo ngezimpaphe zawo ezinemibala egqamile nokuthi inyoni encane enjalo yasehlathini ifinyelela ngokushesha ekhejini futhi icula ngokuzimisela. Lapho kuthathwa, kufanele kukhunjulwe ukuthi izimpaphe ezikhanyayo zihlala kuphela kuze kube se-molt yokuqala, futhi inyoni encibilikisiwe ayisabukeki inhle kakhulu.
Kuyathakazelisa!Ingoma ye-crossbill igcwele ukukhala okuningi nokushayisana kwezici, kepha ama-crossbill crossbill anekhono elihle kakhulu lokucula.
Ukudoba, ukufihla izindawo neminsalo, kusetshenziswa izinyoni zesicabucabu, kanye nezinyoni ze-decoy kanye ne-semolina... Kokubili ezimweni zemvelo nokuqukethwe kwamaselula, i-crossbill idla kakhulu ama-coniferous buds, iphinde idle amahlumela amancane namanye amakhambi. Okuheha kakhulu amaduna amadala anezimpaphe ezibomvu ezikhangayo.
Lapho izimpaphe zezinyoni zikhanya ngokwengeziwe, kubaluleke ngokwengeziwe. Inyoni ebanjiwe ayikwazi ukugcinwa kwizicucu, kepha isheshe itshalwe enkanjini yensimbi ehlala njalo, lapho kufanele kubekwe khona izinti ezincane zokhuni kanye namahlumela ezitshalo ezintsha.
Imininingwane yangaphandle ye-crossbill incike ngqo ekudleni okuphelele. Inyoni enjalo inqena kakhulu ukudla izinhlanganisela zokusanhlamvu ezimelwe ngamabele, imbewu ye-canary kanye ne-rapeseed. Izinyoni zasehlathini zisabela kahle kakhulu kumantongomane achotshoziwe kanye nembewu yamathanga, amahlumela ezitshalo ezinamaqabunga kanye namahlumela esihlahla se-coniferous.
Kubalulekile ukubeka umanyolo ojwayelekile wamaminerali emgodini ngendlela yesihlabathi somfula, ubumba, umlotha, idwala legobolondo elichoboziwe. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuthi iziphambano ezinqamulelayo azibekezeleli ukufudumala okuncane kakhulu kwezindawo ezishisayo, ngakho-ke kungakuhle ukubeka ikheji ngenyoni enjalo kuvulandi noma ku-loggia.
